{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T11:01:42Z","timestamp":1778583702550,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MIS Quarterly","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Prior studies of social-norms interventions have focused on nudging behavior in noncompetitive settings. This research evaluates such interventions in competitive environments, for example, a class with a competitive grading policy. Field experiments on a learning management system show that providing descriptive information about peers\u2019 behavior has mixed effects in reducing procrastination and improving performance outcomes. Specifically, the effects are moderated by individual characteristics and contextual variables. First, peer information interventions are more effective for males, and the effects are stronger in a male-majority environment than in a female-majority environment. These findings differ from prior studies of social-norms interventions conducted in noncompetitive settings, in which females are found to be more responsive to interventions. Gender differences in our competitive settings can be explained by males\u2019 and females\u2019 differential preferences for competition: males are more competitive-oriented and thus are more responsive to peer information in competitive environments. Second, we find that individuals who are in great need of interventions, that is, those with poor past behavior and performance, are also more likely to benefit from peer information interventions, suggesting that peer information interventions motivate positive change. This study highlights the heterogeneous effects of peer information interventions and has implications for targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.25300\/misq\/2021\/16085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T03:34:00Z","timestamp":1727926440000},"page":"163-191","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Peer Effects in Competitive Environments: Field Experiments on Information Provision and Interventions"],"prefix":"10.25300","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Zhuoxin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carroll School of Management, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lerner College of Business and Economics, University of Delaware, 42 Amstel Avenue, Newark, DE 19716 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harry Jiannan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lerner College of Business and Economics, University of Delaware, 42 Amstel Avenue, Newark, DE 19716 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10933","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212224138300_b1-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2307\/25148691","article-title":"Moving beyond Intentions and toward the Theory of Trying: Effects of Work Environment and Gender on Post-Adoption Information Technology Use","volume":"29","author":"Ahuja","year":"2005","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212224138300_b2-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1110.1348","article-title":"The Impact of Gender Composition on Team Performance and Decision Making: Evidence from the Field","volume":"58","author":"Apesteguia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212224138300_b3-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00441","article-title":"Procrastination, Deadlines, and Performance: Self-Control by Precommitment","volume":"13","author":"Ariely","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212224138300_b4-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2005.10.009","article-title":"The Determinants of Leadership Role Occupancy: Genetic and Personality Factors","volume":"17","author":"Arvey","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Leadership Quarterly"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025082212224138300_b5-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5906","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2019.3484","article-title":"Forum Size and Content Contribution per person: A Field Experiment","volume":"66","author":"Baek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212224138300_b6-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.12258","article-title":"The Effect of Providing Peer Information on Retirement Savings Decisions","volume":"70","author":"Beshears","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Finance"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025082212224138300_b7-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00287565","article-title":"Sex Differences in Student Dominance Behavior in Female and Male Professors\u2019 Classrooms","volume":"8","author":"Brooks","year":"1982","journal-title":"Sex Roles: A Journal of Research"},{"key":"2025082212224138300_b8-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01403","article-title":"Procrastinating Behavior in Computer-Based Learning Environments to Predict Performance: A Case Study in Moodle","volume":"8","author":"Cerezo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2025082212224138300_b9-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.142015","article-title":"Social Influence: Compliance and Conformity","volume":"55","author":"Cialdini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"2025082212224138300_b10-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","volume-title":"Social Influence: Social Norms, Conformity and Compliance","author":"Cialdini","year":"1998"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212224138300_b10a-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2003.64.409","article-title":"A Failed Norms Social Marketing Campaign","volume":"64","author":"Clapp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol"},{"key":"2025082212224138300_b11-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","article-title":"The Current Ecosystem of Learning Management Systems in Higher Education: Student, Faculty, and IT Perspectives","volume-title":"EDUCAUSE Research","author":"Dahlstrom","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212224138300_b12-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1086\/667996","article-title":"Tournament Incentives in the Field: Gender Differences in the Workplace","volume":"31","author":"Delfgaauw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Labor Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212224138300_b13-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2016.0654","article-title":"Popularity or Proximity: Characterizing the Nature of Social Influence in an Online Music Community","volume":"28","author":"Dewan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212224138300_b14-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2005.01.002","article-title":"Gender Composition in Teams","volume":"61","author":"Dufwenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212224138300_b15-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-6566(92)90060-H","article-title":"Procrastinators and Perfect Behavior: An Exploratory Factor Analysis of Self-Presentation, Self-Awareness, and Self-Handicapping Components","volume":"26","author":"Ferrari","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212224138300_b16-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.7.2.159","article-title":"Does Studying Economics Inhibit Cooperation?","volume":"7","author":"Frank","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Journal of Economic Perspectives"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082212224138300_b17-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691613504114","article-title":"The Psychology of Competition: A Social Comparison Perspective","volume":"8","author":"Garcia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212224138300_b18-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530360698496","article-title":"Performance in Competitive Environments: Gender Differences","volume":"118","author":"Gneezy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212224138300_b19-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026407422558","article-title":"The Complexity of Social Outcomes from Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Reward Systems","volume":"13","author":"Gordon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Social Justice Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212224138300_b20-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/16066350500053620","article-title":"Alcohol Use in College: Limitations on the Transformation of Social Norms","volume":"13","author":"Granfield","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addiction Research & Theory"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212224138300_b21-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-7295.2011.00378.x","article-title":"Gender Matching and Competitiveness: Experimental Evidence","volume":"51","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Economic Inquiry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212224138300_b22-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2016.0663","article-title":"Information Feedback, Targeting, and Coordination: An Experimental Study","volume":"28","author":"Hashim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212224138300_b23-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/25148625","article-title":"Design Science in Information Systems Research","volume":"28","author":"Hevner","year":"2004","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212224138300_b24-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2017.2944","article-title":"Motivating User-Generated Content with Performance Feedback: Evidence from Randomized Field Experiments","volume":"65","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"2025082212224138300_b25-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","first-page":"14171","article-title":"Combating Procrastination on MOOCs via Optimal Calls-to-Action: Evidence from a Field Experiment","author":"Huang","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1,2","key":"2025082212224138300_b26-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","first-page":"243","article-title":"Correlation among Academic Procrastination, Personality Traits, and Academic Achievement","volume":"20","author":"Karatas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anthropologist"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082212224138300_b27-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.69.5.925","article-title":"Culture, Gender, and Self: A Perspective from Individualism\u2013Collectivism Research","volume":"69","author":"Kashima","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"2025082212224138300_b28-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.02.038","article-title":"The Relationship between Procrastination and Academic Performance: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"82","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"2025082212224138300_b29-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-0011-9.ch814","article-title":"Evaluations of Online Learning Activities Based on LMS Logs","volume-title":"Virtual Learning Environments: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools and Applications","author":"Lam","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212224138300_b30-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328023top1601_2","article-title":"A Comparison of Three Strategies to Reduce Student Procrastination in PSI","volume":"16","author":"Lamwers","year":"1989","journal-title":"Teaching of Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212224138300_b31-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mechanisms and Impacts of Gender Peer Effects at School","volume":"3","author":"Lavy","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Economic Journal: Applied Economics"},{"key":"2025082212224138300_b32-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","article-title":"All or Nothing? The Impact of School and Classroom Gender Composition on Effort and Academic Achievement","volume-title":"Working Paper","author":"Lee","year":"2014"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082212224138300_b33-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2014.2082","article-title":"Do I Follow My Friends or the Crowd? Information Cascades in Online Movie Ratings","volume":"61","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082212224138300_b34-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4318","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2018.3167","article-title":"Minimal Frames and Transparent Frames for Risk, Time, and Uncertainty","volume":"65","author":"Leland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212224138300_b35-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.18.4.334","article-title":"Gender-Specific Misperceptions of College Student Drinking Norms","volume":"18","author":"Lewis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212224138300_b36-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2017\/41.4.01","article-title":"Toward Meaningful Engagement: A Framework for Design and Research of Gamified Information Systems","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212224138300_b37-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2883816","article-title":"Is Combining Contextual and Behavioral Targeting Strategies Effective in Online Advertising?","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212224138300_b38-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03392578","article-title":"A Behavioral Perspective on College Teaching","volume":"14","author":"Michael","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Behavior Analyst"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212224138300_b39-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.07.025","article-title":"Procrastination, Participation, and Performance in Online Learning Environments","volume":"56","author":"Michinov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"2025082212224138300_b40-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, W. K.\n          \u20082002. \u201cApplying the Transtheoretical Model to Academic Procrastination,\u201d Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Houston."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212224138300_b41-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3200\/SOCP.149.2.241-257","article-title":"Exploring Academic Procrastination among Turkish Students: Possible Gender Differences in Prevalence and Reasons","volume":"149","author":"\u00d6zer","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"2025082212224138300_b42-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","article-title":"Impact of Perspective Taking on Reviewer Behavior: A Multi-Method Exploration","author":"Peng","year":"2017"},{"issue":"14","key":"2025082212224138300_b43-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.15288\/jsas.2002.s14.164","article-title":"Social Norms and the Prevention of Alcohol Misuse in Collegiate Contexts","author":"Perkins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Supplement"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212224138300_b44-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2005.66.470","article-title":"Misperceiving the College Drinking Norm and Related Problems: A Nationwide Study of Exposure to Prevention Information, Perceived Norms and Student Alcohol Misuse","volume":"66","author":"Perkins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212224138300_b45-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.2011.44-463","article-title":"Measuring and Reducing College Students\u2019 Procrastination","volume":"44","author":"Perrin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis"},{"key":"2025082212224138300_b46-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802862-9.00008-6","article-title":"Procrastination, Emotion Regulation, and Well-Being","volume-title":"Chapter 8 in Procrastination, Health, and Well-Being","author":"Pychyl","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212224138300_b47-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2016.0679","article-title":"Understanding Voluntary Knowledge Provision and Content Contribution through a Social-Media-Based Prediction Market: A Field Experiment","volume":"28","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212224138300_b48-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccedu.2010.08.001","article-title":"Early Birds Versus Just-in-Timers: The Effect of Procrastination on Academic Performance of Accounting Students","volume":"27","author":"Rotenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Accounting Education"},{"key":"2025082212224138300_b49-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","article-title":"Gender Development","volume-title":"Handbook of Child Psychology","author":"Ruble","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025082212224138300_b50-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/10808-000","volume-title":"Counseling the Procrastinator in Academic Settings","author":"Schouwenburg","year":"2004"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082212224138300_b51-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01917.x","article-title":"The Constructive, Destructive, and Reconstructive Power of Social Norms","volume":"18","author":"Schultz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082212224138300_b52-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0177354","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177354","article-title":"Social Norms Don\u2019t Always Work: An Experiment to Encourage More Efficient Fees Collection for Students","volume":"12","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212224138300_b53-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.1.65","article-title":"The Nature of Procrastination: A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self-Regulatory Failure","volume":"133","author":"Steel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212224138300_b54-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00013-1","article-title":"Procrastination and Personality, Performance, and Mood","volume":"30","author":"Steel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082212224138300_b55-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.561","article-title":"Altruism or Psychological Escape: Why Does Empathy Promote Prosocial Behavior?","volume":"39","author":"Stocks","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"2025082212224138300_b56-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","volume-title":"Eighty-Seven Percent of High School and College Students Are Self-Proclaimed Procrastinators","author":"StudyMode","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212224138300_b57-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.2018.1133","article-title":"U-Shaped Conformity in Online Social Networks","volume":"38","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Marketing Science"},{"key":"2025082212224138300_b58-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2018.09.002","article-title":"Overcoming Procrastination? A Meta-Analysis of Intervention Studies","volume":"25","author":"van Eerde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"key":"2025082212224138300_b59-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2017.090","article-title":"The Impact of Gamification on Word-of-Mouth Effectiveness: Evidence from Foursquare","author":"Wang","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212224138300_b60-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0803_4","article-title":"A Conceptual Review of Decision Making in Social Dilemmas: Applying a Logic of Appropriateness","volume":"8","author":"Weber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212224138300_b61-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2003.64.484","article-title":"Perception and Reality: A National Evaluation of Social Norms Marketing Interventions to Reduce College Students\u2019 Heavy Alcohol Use","volume":"64","author":"Wechsler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212224138300_b62-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/07448480009596288","article-title":"Results of a Social Norm Intervention to Prevent Binge Drinking among First-Year Residential College Students","volume":"49","author":"Werch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of American College Health"},{"key":"2025082212224138300_b63-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2015.11.003","article-title":"Identifying Significant Indicators Using LMS Data to Predict Course Achievement in Online Learning","volume":"29","author":"You","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212224138300_b64-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.2016.0615","article-title":"Does Social Interaction Improve Learning Outcomes? Evidence from Field Experiments on Massive Open Online Courses","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Manufacturing & Service Operations Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212224138300_b65-05_16085_ra_liwangwang","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1086\/651257","article-title":"Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and Truths about Mediation Analysis","volume":"37","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"}],"container-title":["MIS Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/misq.umn.edu\/misq\/article-pdf\/45\/1\/163\/6760\/05_16085_ra_liwangwang.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/misq.umn.edu\/misq\/article-pdf\/45\/1\/163\/6760\/05_16085_ra_liwangwang.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T16:23:51Z","timestamp":1755879831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/misq.umn.edu\/misq\/article\/45\/1\/163\/1836\/Peer-Effects-in-Competitive-Environments-Field"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"references-count":66,"aliases":["10.25300\/misq\/2021\/16085\/"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25300\/misq\/2021\/16085","relation":{},"ISSN":["0276-7783","2162-9730"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0276-7783","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-9730","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]}}}