{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T13:46:51Z","timestamp":1780321611756,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MIS Quarterly","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper applies upper echelons theory to investigate whether chief information officers (CIOs) and boards of directors affect the development of AI orientation, which represents firms\u2019 overall strategic direction and goals regarding the introduction and application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology. We tested our model using a dataset drawn from 1,454 publicly listed firms in China. Our findings show that the presence of a CIO positively influences AI orientation and that board educational diversity, R&amp;D experience, and AI experience positively moderate the CIO\u2019s effect on AI orientation. Our post hoc analysis further demonstrates that these board characteristics represent contingencies that impact AI orientation but not conventional IT orientation. This paper contributes to the upper echelons literature and IT management research by offering contextualized arguments that explain new business and IT strategies such as AI orientation. Further, our findings suggest important implications about how to build top management teams and boards capable of effectively developing AI orientations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.25300\/misq\/2021\/16523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T16:20:58Z","timestamp":1631722858000},"page":"1603-1644","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":182,"title":["Strategic Directions for AI: The Role of CIOs and Boards of Directors"],"prefix":"10.25300","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, CUHK Business School, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Finance and Decision Sciences, School of Business, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xincheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason Bennett","family":"Thatcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management Information Systems, Fox School of Business, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10933","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082212254525600_b1-21_16523_si_liliwangthatcher","volume-title":"Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions","author":"Aiken","year":"1991"},{"key":"2025082212254525600_b2-21_16523_si_liliwangthatcher","article-title":"Factors Inhibiting the Adoption of Artificial Intelligence at Organizational-Level: A Preliminary 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