{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T14:45:10Z","timestamp":1780843510467,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MIS Quarterly","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Machine learning (ML) tools reduce the costs of performing repetitive, time-consuming tasks yet run the risk of introducing systematic unfairness into organizational processes. Automated approaches to achieving fairness often fail in complex situations, leading some researchers to suggest that human augmentation of ML tools is necessary. However, our current understanding of human\u2013ML augmentation remains limited. In this paper, we argue that the Information Systems (IS) discipline needs a more sophisticated view of and research into human\u2013ML augmentation. We introduce a typology of augmentation for fairness consisting of four quadrants: reactive oversight, proactive oversight, informed reliance, and supervised reliance. We identify significant intersections with previous IS research and distinct managerial approaches to fairness for each quadrant. Several potential research questions emerge from fundamental differences between ML tools trained on data and traditional IS built with code. IS researchers may discover that the differences of ML tools undermine some of the fundamental assumptions upon which classic IS theories and concepts rest. ML may require massive rethinking of significant portions of the corpus of IS research in light of these differences, representing an exciting frontier for research into human\u2013ML augmentation in the years ahead that IS researchers should embrace. 1<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.25300\/misq\/2021\/16535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T16:20:58Z","timestamp":1631722858000},"page":"1483-1500","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Failures of Fairness in Automation Require a Deeper Understanding of Human\u2013ML Augmentation"],"prefix":"10.25300","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Mike H. M.","family":"Teodorescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carroll School of Management, Boston College, Fulton 460, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lily","family":"Morse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Chambers College of Business and Economics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yazeed","family":"Awwad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Complex Systems, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology, Riyadh 12354 SAUDI ARABIA, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Building E18-309, Cambridge, MA 02139 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald C.","family":"Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carroll School of Management, Boston College, Fulton 460, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10933","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082212250663600_b1-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3386\/w23928","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Economic Growth","volume-title":"Working Paper 23928","author":"Aghion","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b2-16_16535_si_teodorescu","volume-title":"Prediction Machines: The Simple Economics of Artificial Intelligence","author":"Agrawal","year":"2018"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082212250663600_b3-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0019-x","article-title":"The Curse(s) of Dimensionality","volume":"15","author":"Altman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212250663600_b4-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013203","article-title":"The Role of Overall Justice Judgments in Organizational Justice Research: A Test of Mediation","volume":"94","author":"Ambrose","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025082212250663600_b5-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1060.0568","article-title":"Network Software Security and User Incentives","volume":"52","author":"August","year":"2006","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212250663600_b6-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1050.0440","article-title":"Research Note: Sell First, Fix Later: Impact of Patching on Software Quality","volume":"52","author":"Arora","year":"2006","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b7-16_16535_si_teodorescu","unstructured":"Awwad, Y., Fletcher, R., Frey, D., Gandhi, A., Najafian, M., and Teodorescu, M.\u20082020. \u201cExploring Fairness in Machine Learning for International Development,\u201d MIT D-Lab, Comprehensive Initiative on Technology Evaluation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (https:\/\/dspace.mit.edu\/handle\/1721.1\/126854)."},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b8-16_16535_si_teodorescu","unstructured":"Barnes, P.\n          \u20082019. \u201cArtificial Intelligence Poses New Threat to Equal Employment Opportunity,\u201d Forbes, November\u200810 (https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/patriciagbarnes\/2019\/11\/10\/artificial-intelligence-poses-new-threat-to-equal-employmentopportunity\/?sh=6f6b1e6b6488)."},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b9-16_16535_si_teodorescu","volume-title":"Blind Spots: Why We Fail to Do What\u2019s Right and What to Do about It","author":"Bazerman","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b10-16_16535_si_teodorescu","article-title":"Facebook Engages in Housing Discrimination with its Ad Practices, U.S. Says","author":"Benner","year":"2019","journal-title":"The New York Times, Politics"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b11-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2307\/248710","article-title":"MIS Problems and Failures: A Sociotechnical Perspective. Part I: The Causes","author":"Bostrom","year":"1977","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212250663600_b12-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1120.0444","article-title":"From Use to Effective Use: A Representation Theory Perspective","volume":"24","author":"Burton-Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212250663600_b13-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1070.0794","article-title":"Security Patch Management: Share the Burden or Share the Damage?","volume":"54","author":"Cavusoglu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b14-16_16535_si_teodorescu","first-page":"339","article-title":"Fairness under Unawareness: Assessing Disparity When Protected Class Is Unobserved","author":"Chen","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212250663600_b15-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1089\/big.2016.0047","article-title":"Fair Prediction with Disparate Impact: A Study of Bias in Recidivism Prediction Instruments","volume":"5","author":"Chouldechova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Big Data"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b16-16_16535_si_teodorescu","article-title":"Emergent Unfairness: Normative Assumptions and Contradictions in Algorithmic Fairness-Accuracy Trade-Off Research","author":"Cooper","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b17-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1002\/job.228","article-title":"Deontic Justice: The Role of Moral Principles in Workplace Fairness","volume":"24","author":"Cropanzano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212250663600_b18-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1070.0160","article-title":"Decision-Maker Awareness of Security Countermeasures and its Impact on Information Systems Misuse: A Deterrence Approach","volume":"20","author":"D\u2019Arcy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b19-16_16535_si_teodorescu","unstructured":"Dastin, J.\n          \u20082018. \u201cAmazon Scraps Secret AI Recruiting Tool That Showed Bias Against Women,\u201d Reuters Business News, October\u200810 (https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-amazon-com-jobsautomation-insight\/amazon-scraps-secret-ai-recruiting-tool-thatshowed-bias-against-women-idUSKCN1MK08G)."},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b20-16_16535_si_teodorescu","volume-title":"Human + Machine: Reimagining Work in the Age of AI","author":"Daugherty","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b21-16_16535_si_teodorescu","first-page":"554","article-title":"The Spreading of Misinformation Online","author":"Del Vicario","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212250663600_b22-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13742-016-0117-6","article-title":"Methodological Challenges and Analytic Opportunities for Modeling and Interpreting Big Healthcare Data","volume":"5","author":"Dinov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212250663600_b23-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.ejis.3000629","article-title":"Resist, Comply or Workaround? An Examination of Different Facets of DecisionMaker Engagement with Information Systems","volume":"15","author":"Ferneley","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Information Systems"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b24-16_16535_si_teodorescu","first-page":"1","article-title":"Applying a Hybrid Model of Neural Network and Decision Tree Classifier for Predicting University Admission","author":"Fong"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b25-16_16535_si_teodorescu","first-page":"2234","article-title":"Application of Machine Learning to Prediction of Surgical Site Infection","author":"Fletcher","year":"2019"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025082212250663600_b26-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49411-7","article-title":"Human Decision-Making Biases in the Moral Dilemmas of Autonomous Vehicles","author":"Frank","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b27-16_16535_si_teodorescu","unstructured":"Frenkel, S., Alba, D., and Zhong, R.\u20082020. \u201cSurge of Virus Misinformation Stumps Facebook and Twitter,\u201d The New York Times, Technology, March\u20088, (https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/03\/08\/technology\/coronavirus-misinformation-social-media.html)."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212250663600_b28-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.5465\/annals.2018.0057","article-title":"Human Trust in Artificial Intelligence: Review of Empirical Research","volume":"14","author":"Glikson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Academy of Management Annals"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212250663600_b29-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2307\/249689","article-title":"Task\u2013Technology Fit and Individual Performance","volume":"19","author":"Goodhue","year":"1995","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212250663600_b30-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1177\/002224379403100406","article-title":"Exchange Interdependence and Interfirm Interaction: Research in a Simulated Channel Setting","volume":"31","author":"Gundlach","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b31-16_16535_si_teodorescu","article-title":"AI Is Sending People to Jail\u2014And Getting it Wrong","author":"Hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"MIT Technology Review"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b32-16_16535_si_teodorescu","article-title":"The Hack That Could Make Face Recognition Think Someone Else Is You","author":"Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"MIT Technology Review"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b33-16_16535_si_teodorescu","article-title":"Can You Make AI Fairer than a Judge? Play Our Courtroom Algorithm Game","author":"Hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"MIT Technology Review"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b34-16_16535_si_teodorescu","first-page":"3315","article-title":"Equality of Opportunity in Supervised Learning","author":"Hardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b35-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3442381.3450077","article-title":"Auditing for Discrimination in Algorithms Delivering Job Ads","author":"Imana","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212250663600_b36-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.80.4.557","article-title":"Confirmation Bias in Sequential Information Search after Preliminary Decisions: An Expansion of Dissonance Theoretical Research on Selective Exposure to Information","volume":"80","author":"Jonas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212250663600_b37-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1070.0158","article-title":"Casting the Net: A Multimodal Network Perspective on Decision-Maker\u2013System Interactions","volume":"19","author":"Kane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212250663600_b38-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2014\/38.1.13","article-title":"What\u2019s Different about Social Media Networks? A Framework and Research Agenda","volume":"38","author":"Kane","year":"2014","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b39-16_16535_si_teodorescu","unstructured":"Kane, G. C., Palmer, D., Phillips, A. N.\u20082019. \u201cAccelerating Digital Innovation Inside and Out: Agile Teams, Ecosystems, and Ethics,\u201d MIT Sloan Management Review (https:\/\/sloanreview.mit.edu\/projects\/accelerating-digital-innovationinside-and-out)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212250663600_b40-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2021\/1578","article-title":"Avoiding an Oppressive Future: Designing Emancipatory Autonomous Agents","volume":"45","author":"Kane","year":"2021","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212250663600_b41-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(89)80019-0","article-title":"The NK Model of Rugged Fitness Landscapes and its Application to Maturation of the Immune Response","volume":"141","author":"Kauffman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b42-16_16535_si_teodorescu","first-page":"2564","article-title":"Preventing Fairness Gerrymandering: Auditing and Learning for Subgroup Fairness","author":"Kearns","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b43-16_16535_si_teodorescu","first-page":"656","article-title":"Avoiding Discrimination Through Causal Reasoning","author":"Kilbertus","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b44-16_16535_si_teodorescu","first-page":"43:1","article-title":"Inherent Tradeoffs in the Fair Determination of Risk Scores","author":"Kleinberg","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b45-16_16535_si_teodorescu","first-page":"1561","article-title":"Work Coordination, Workflow, and Workarounds in a Medical Context","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2005"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b46-16_16535_si_teodorescu","first-page":"4066","article-title":"Counterfactual Fairness","author":"Kusner","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212250663600_b47-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2307\/23044050","article-title":"Managing Consumer Privacy Concerns in Personalization: A Strategic Analysis of Privacy Protection","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212250663600_b48-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2307\/23043493","article-title":"When Flexible Routines Meet Flexible Technologies: Affordance, Constraint, and the Imbrication of Human and Material Agencies","volume":"35","author":"Leonardi","year":"2011","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082212250663600_b49-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jm.2004.06.005","article-title":"The Social Context of Performance Appraisal: A Review and Framework for the Future","volume":"30","author":"Levy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212250663600_b50-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2018.0181","article-title":"Insights From the Machine Stops to Better Understand Rational Assumptions in Algorithmic Decision Making and its Implications for Organizations","volume":"45","author":"Lindebaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b51-16_16535_si_teodorescu","article-title":"Situated Cultural Fit: Value Congruence, Perceptual Accuracy, and the Interpersonal Transmission of Culture","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Working Paper, University of California, Berkeley"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212250663600_b52-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-018-3921-3","article-title":"Ethical Implications and Accountability of Algorithms","volume":"160","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b53-16_16535_si_teodorescu","author":"Mehrabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"A Survey on Bias and Fairness in Machine Learning"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b54-16_16535_si_teodorescu","unstructured":"Meyer, D.\n          \u20082018. \u201cAmazon Reportedly Killed an AI Recruitment System Because it Couldn\u2019t Stop the Tool from Discriminating Against Women,\u201d Fortune, October\u200810 (https:\/\/fortune.com\/2018\/10\/10\/amazon-ai-recruitment-bias-women-sexist\/)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212250663600_b55-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2307\/249450","article-title":"An Applied Framework for Classifying the Complexity of Knowledge-Based Systems","volume":"15","author":"Meyer","year":"1991","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212250663600_b56-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00083.x","article-title":"Harnessing Our Inner Angels and Demons: What We Have Learned about Want\/should Conflicts and How That Knowledge Can Help Us Reduce Short-Sighted Decision Making","volume":"3","author":"Milkman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b57-16_16535_si_teodorescu","volume-title":"Machine Learning","author":"Mitchell","year":"1997"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212250663600_b58-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2019.0186","article-title":"Humans and Technology: Forms of Conjoined Agency in Organizations","volume":"46","author":"Murray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212250663600_b59-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.2307\/23044054","article-title":"Capturing Bottom-Up Information Technology Use Processes: A Complex Adaptive System Model","volume":"35","author":"Nan","year":"2011","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082212250663600_b60-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0266(200005)21:5<525::AID-SMJ104>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Managing Foreign Subsidiaries: Agents of Headquarters, or an Interdependent Network?","volume":"21","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Strategic Management Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212250663600_b61-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.11.4.404.14600","article-title":"Using Technology and Constituting Structures: A Practice Lens for Studying Technology in Organizations","volume":"11","author":"Orlikowski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212250663600_b62-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.5465\/19416520802211644","article-title":"10 Sociomateriality: Challenging the Separation of Technology, Work and Organization","volume":"2","author":"Orlikowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Academy of Management Annals"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025082212250663600_b63-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.48.8.1008.163","article-title":"On Uncertainty, Ambiguity, and Complexity in Project Management","volume":"48","author":"Pich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b64-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/2018.0072","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Management: The Automation\u2013Augmentation Paradox","author":"Raisch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b65-16_16535_si_teodorescu","volume-title":"Scientific Research in Information Systems: A Beginner\u2019s Guide","author":"Recker","year":"2022","edition":"2nd"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082212250663600_b66-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122412463213","article-title":"Hiring as Cultural Matching: The Case of Elite Professional Service Firms","volume":"77","author":"Rivera","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b67-16_16535_si_teodorescu","author":"Saravanakumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Impossibility Theorem of Machine Fairness\u2014A Causal Perspective"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212250663600_b68-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2018\/14558","article-title":"Network Structure and Patterns of Information Diversity on Twitter","volume":"42","author":"Shore","year":"2018","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212250663600_b69-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-013-2022-6","article-title":"The Ethics \u2018Fix\u201d\u2019 When Formal Systems Make a Difference","volume":"131","author":"Smith-Crowe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082212250663600_b70-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1040.0274","article-title":"Selectionism and Learning in Projects with Complexity and Unforeseeable Uncertainty","volume":"50","author":"Sommer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082212250663600_b71-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1177\/001872678603900603","article-title":"The Dynamics of Interdependence in Organizations","volume":"39","author":"Tjosvold","year":"1986","journal-title":"Human Relations"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212250663600_b72-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s41019-016-0022-0","article-title":"Big Data Reduction Methods: A Survey","author":"ur Rehman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Data Science and Engineering"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b73-16_16535_si_teodorescu","first-page":"1","article-title":"Job Prediction: From Deep Neural Network Models to Applications","author":"Van Huynh","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b74-16_16535_si_teodorescu","first-page":"1","article-title":"Uncertainty Management by Means of Fairness Judgments","volume-title":"Advances in Experimental Social Psychology","author":"van den Bos","year":"2002"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212250663600_b75-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222230410","article-title":"Recommendation Agents for Electronic Commerce: Effects of Explanation Facilities on Trusting Beliefs","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212250663600_b76-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.2307\/249214","article-title":"Using a GDSS to Facilitate Group Consensus: Some Intended and Unintended Consequences","volume":"12","author":"Watson","year":"1988","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b77-16_16535_si_teodorescu","article-title":"Unlocking Fairness: A Trade-Off Revisited","author":"Wick","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b78-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2019.11.020","article-title":"Melanoma Recognition by a Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Network\u2014Performance in Different Melanoma Subtypes and Localisations","volume":"127","author":"Winkler","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212250663600_b79-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.29297\/orbit.v1i2.49","article-title":"Why We Should Have Seen That Coming: Comments on Microsoft\u2019s Tay \u2018Experiment,\u2019 and Wider Implications","volume":"1","author":"Wolf","year":"2017","journal-title":"The ORBIT Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212250663600_b80-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2307\/25148784","article-title":"E-Commerce Product Recommendation Agents: Use, Characteristics, and Impact","volume":"31","author":"Xiao","year":"2007","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212250663600_b81-16_16535_si_teodorescu","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2307\/249686","article-title":"The Impact of Explanation Facilities on Decision-Maker Acceptance of Expert Systems Advice","volume":"19","author":"Ye","year":"1995","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"2025082212250663600_b82-16_16535_si_teodorescu","first-page":"87","article-title":"Proactive Influence Tactics and Leader Member Exchange","volume-title":"Power and Influence in Organizations: New Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives","author":"Yukl","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["MIS Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/misq.umn.edu\/misq\/article-pdf\/45\/3\/1483\/7155\/16_16535_si_teodorescu.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/misq.umn.edu\/misq\/article-pdf\/45\/3\/1483\/7155\/16_16535_si_teodorescu.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T16:25:48Z","timestamp":1755879948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/misq.umn.edu\/misq\/article\/45\/3\/1483\/1885\/Failures-of-Fairness-in-Automation-Require-a"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25300\/misq\/2021\/16535","relation":{},"ISSN":["0276-7783","2162-9730"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0276-7783","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-9730","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]}}}