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Following the design science paradigm, this study chooses cognitive load theory as the kernel theory and proposes a new interleaving design\u2014related-interleaving \u2014that populates an interleaved session with related topics as a way of reducing cognitive load during an interleaved session. Drawing on the theoretical predictions, we design and instantiate a personalized learning system with the related-interleaving strategy by fusing educational strategies and machine learning techniques. The results from a two-month field experiment confirm that related-interleaving outperforms non-interleaving and unrelated-interleaving. Our findings also reveal that compared with unrelated-interleaving, related-interleaving benefits weak learners more and thus helps reduce learning performance disparities. This study demonstrates how personalized e-learning systems can be further improved from the perspective of interleaving.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.25300\/misq\/2023\/17206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T19:42:32Z","timestamp":1721418152000},"page":"1363-1394","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Interleaved Design for E-Learning: Theory, Design, and Empirical Findings"],"prefix":"10.25300","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Andy Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute of Finance, School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei, Anhui China"}]},{"given":"De","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota \u2013 Twin Cities Minneapolis, MN U.S.A."}]},{"given":"Sean Xin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for AI and Management, School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University Beijing, China"}]}],"member":"10933","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212352573100_b1-03_ra_10.25300_misq_2023_17206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.2307\/25148873","article-title":"CyberGate: A design framework and system for text analysis of computer-mediated communication","volume":"32","author":"Abbasi","year":"2008","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025082212352573100_b2-03_ra_10.25300_misq_2023_17206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3569576","article-title":"Knowledge tracing: A survey","volume":"55","author":"Abdelrahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212352573100_b3-03_ra_10.25300_misq_2023_17206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s11047-010-9246-5","article-title":"Evolutionary computation approaches to the curriculum sequencing problem","volume":"10","author":"Al-Muhaideb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Natural Computing"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212352573100_b4-03_ra_10.25300_misq_2023_17206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.12.1.1.9720","article-title":"Research commentary: Technology-mediated learning: A call for greater depth and breadth of research","volume":"12","author":"Alavi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212352573100_b5-03_ra_10.25300_misq_2023_17206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.08.001","article-title":"A comprehensive text analysis of lecture slides to generate concept maps","volume":"115","author":"Atapattu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"2025082212352573100_b6-03_ra_10.25300_misq_2023_17206","volume-title":"Educational psychology: A cognitive view","author":"Ausubel","year":"1968"},{"key":"2025082212352573100_b7-03_ra_10.25300_misq_2023_17206","article-title":"What drives patient readmissions? 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