{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T19:40:11Z","timestamp":1781898011744,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MIS Quarterly","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":302,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Is there an economic incentive for celebrities and well-known media firms to commingle falsehoods into news stories? We conducted five experiments, plus a field validation using secondary data. When presented by celebrities and well-known media firms, a commingled partisan falsehood in an otherwise true news story significantly increased viewing and sharing intentions among politically aligned viewers. The effect was weaker but significant when we replaced the celebrity with an unknown speaker and disappeared when both the celebrity and the well-known firm were replaced by unknowns. This effect was explained by confirmation bias and the viewer\u2019s belief that the falsehood was true. In contrast, a false news story focusing on the same falsehood increased viewing and sharing intentions only when presented by unknowns, with viewers\u2019 belief playing a limited role. The field study found a significantly positive relationship between a commingled partisan falsehood in videos of well-known media firms and actual viewership. We conclude that commingled partisan falsehoods provide a significant viewership increase for celebrities and well-known media firms, creating an economic incentive for lying and posing complex challenges in the fake news era. We discuss the challenges and opportunities in this area for policymakers and media firms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.25300\/misq\/2023\/17928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]],"date-time":"2024-06-02T12:11:26Z","timestamp":1717330286000},"page":"551-582","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Lying for Viewers: Commingled Partisan Falsehoods Increase Viewing and Sharing of News Media"],"prefix":"10.25300","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Seyoung","family":"Seol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Mejia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kelley School of Business, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Dennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kelley School of Business, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10933","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082212332037100_b1-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahler, D. J., Roush, C. E., & Sood, G. (2021). The micro-task market for lemons: Data quality on Amazon\u2019s Mechanical Turk. Political Science Research and Methods. 10.1017\/psrm.2021.57","DOI":"10.1017\/psrm.2021.57"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212332037100_b2-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14792779943000116","article-title":"Attitudes and the attitude-behavior relation: Reasoned and automatic processes","volume":"11","author":"Ajzen","year":"2000","journal-title":"European Review of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212332037100_b3-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.31.2.211","article-title":"Social media and fake news in the 2016 election","volume":"31","author":"Allcott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Perspectives"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b4-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Anand, B. N.\n           (2017). The U.S. media\u2019s problems are much bigger than fake news and filter bubbles. Harvard Business Review. https:\/\/hbr.org\/2017\/01\/the-u-s-medias-problems-are-much-bigger-than-fake-news-and-filter-bubbles"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b5-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Andreeva, N., & Johnson, T. (2019). Cable ratings 2019: Fox News tops total viewers, ESPN wins 18-49 demo as entertainment networks slide. Deadline. https:\/\/deadline.com\/2019\/12\/cable-ratings-2019-list-fox-news-total-viewers-espn-18-49-demo-1202817561\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212332037100_b6-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2307\/2297968","article-title":"Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations","volume":"58","author":"Arellano","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Review of Economic Studies"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2025082212332037100_b7-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/107769909106800117","article-title":"When characters speak directly to viewers: Breaking the fourth wall in television","volume":"68","author":"Auter","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journalism Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212332037100_b8-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.2020.1254","article-title":"The role of time-varying contextual factors in latent attrition models for customer base analysis","volume":"40","author":"Bachmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Marketing Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212332037100_b9-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/08838151.2016.1164166","article-title":"Cultural distance and foreign drama enjoyment: Perceived novelty and identification with characters","volume":"60","author":"Baek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212332037100_b10-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2018\/13592","article-title":"Monetizing freemium communities: Does paying for premium increase social engagement?","volume":"42","author":"Bapna","year":"2018","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082212332037100_b11-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations","volume":"51","author":"Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b12-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Barthel, M., Mitchell, A., Asare-Marfo, D., Kennedy, C., & Worden, K. (2020). Measuring news consumption in a digital era. Pew Research Center. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/journalism\/2020\/12\/08\/measuring-news-consumption-in-a-digital-era\/"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b13-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Barthel, M., Mitchell, A., & Holcomb, J. (2016). Many Americans believe fake news is sowing confusion. Pew Research Center. https:\/\/www.journalism.org\/2016\/12\/15\/many-americans-believe-fake-news-is-sowing-confusion\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212332037100_b14-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00426.x","article-title":"Distress and empathy: Two qualitatively distinct vicarious emotions with different motivational consequences","volume":"55","author":"Batson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b15-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-021-00805-y","article-title":"Revisiting Gaussian copulas to handle endogenous regressors","volume":"50","author":"Becker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b16-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Boehme, J., Rao, K., & Talkington, T. (2019). Media industry shift to impression-based evaluation. Comscore. https:\/\/www.comscore.com\/Insights\/Blog\/Media-Industry-Shift-to-Impression-Based-Evaluation"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b17-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2023301118","article-title":"The echo chamber effect on social media","author":"Cinelli","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b18-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Coy, P.\n           (2022). Tucker Carlson is proof that the customer isn\u2019t always right. The New York Times. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/05\/04\/opinion\/tucker-carlson-ratings.html"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"2025082212332037100_b19-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/01973533.2004.9646402","article-title":"Serious lies","volume":"26","author":"DePaulo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Basic and Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b20-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Doherty, C.\n           (2017). Key takeaways on Americans\u2019 growing partisan divide over political values. Pew Research Center. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2017\/10\/05\/takeaways-on-americans-growing-partisan-divide-over-political-values\/"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b21-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-531-90918-9_8","article-title":"The true, the good and the beautiful: Reputation management in the media society","volume-title":"Public relations research","author":"Eisenegger","year":"2008"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b22-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-020-09681-9","article-title":"An experiment on deception, reputation and trust","volume":"24","author":"Ettinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Experimental Economics"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b23-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2020.102371","article-title":"Opinion leadership vs. para-social relationship: Key factors in influencer marketing","volume":"59","author":"Farivar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b24-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b25-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Flood, B.\n           (2021). Fox News Digital dominates CNN, WaPo, NYT in multiplatform views, minutes during news-packed third quarter. Fox News. https:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/media\/fox-news-digital-tops-news-organizations-multiplatform-views-minutes-third-quarter"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b26-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Gallup, & Knight Foundation\n           (2020). American views 2020: Trust, media and democracy. https:\/\/knightfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/American-Views-2020-Trust-Media-and-Democracy.pdf"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b27-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2019.113132","article-title":"Veracity assessment of online data","volume":"129","author":"Garc\u00eda Lozano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Decision Support Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212332037100_b28-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2021.1990608","article-title":"Uncovering the truth about fake news: A research model grounded in multi-disciplinary literature","volume":"38","author":"George","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b29-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.eacl-main.56","article-title":"FakeFlow: Fake news detection by modeling the flow of affective information","author":"Ghanem","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b30-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcorpfin.2021.101889","article-title":"Firms and social responsibility: A review of ESG and CSR research in corporate finance","volume":"66","author":"Gillan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Corporate Finance"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212332037100_b31-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2021.1870389","article-title":"The effectiveness of social norms in fighting fake news on social media","volume":"38","author":"Gimpel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082212332037100_b32-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.5.778","article-title":"Forming attitudes that predict future behavior: A meta-analysis of the attitude-behavior relation","volume":"132","author":"Glasman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212332037100_b33-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/01463371003773358","article-title":"Audience activity and reality television: Identification, online activity, and satisfaction","volume":"58","author":"Godlewski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Communication Quarterly"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b34-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Goetzen, N.\n           (2021). YouTube ad data suggests around 40% of viewership now happens on TV screens. Emarketer. https:\/\/www.emarketer.com\/content\/youtube-ad-data-suggests-around-40-of-viewership-now-happens-on-tv-screens"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b35-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Gottfried, J., & Liedke, J. (2021). Partisan divides in media trust widen, driven by a decline among Republicans. Pew Research Center. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2021\/08\/30\/partisan-divides-in-media-trust-widen-driven-by-a-decline-among-republicans\/"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b36-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Governance & Accountability Institute\n          . (2021). 2021 sustainability reporting in focus. https:\/\/www.ga-institute.com\/research\/ga-research-directory\/sustainability-reporting-trends\/2021-sustainability-reporting-in-focus.html"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b37-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Graham, M.\n           (2021a). Facebook knew ad metrics were inflated, but ignored the problem to make more money, lawsuit claims. CNBC. https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2021\/02\/18\/facebook-knew-ad-metrics-were-inflated-but-ignored-the-problem-lawsuit-claims.html"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b38-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Graham, M.\n           (2021b). Amazon says its ad-supported video reaches more than 120 million viewers a month. CNBC. https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2021\/05\/03\/amazon-ad-supported-video-reaches-over-120-million-viewers-a-month-.html"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b39-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Grieco, E.\n           (2020). Americans\u2019 main sources for political news vary by party and age\u2008Pew Research Center. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2020\/04\/01\/americans-main-sources-for-political-news-vary-by-party-and-age\/"},{"issue":"6425","key":"2025082212332037100_b40-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau2706","article-title":"Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 U.S. presidential election","volume":"363","author":"Grinberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212332037100_b41-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/hcre.12092","article-title":"Partisan provocation: The role of partisan news use and emotional responses in political information sharing in social media","volume":"42","author":"Hasell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Human Communication Research"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b42-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00998","article-title":"Are manipulation checks necessary?","volume":"9","author":"Hauser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b43-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/bmsp.12028","article-title":"Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable","volume":"67","author":"Hayes","year":"2014","journal-title":"British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b44-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Holan, A. D.\n           (2020). The principles of the Truth-O-Meter: PolitiFact\u2019s methodology for independent fact-checking. PolitiFact. https:\/\/www.politifact.com\/truth-o-meter\/article\/2018\/feb\/12\/principles-truth-o-meter-politifacts-methodology-i\/#How%20we%20choose%20claims"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212332037100_b45-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2021.1990610","article-title":"Emotions: The unexplored fuel of fake news on social media","volume":"38","author":"Horner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b46-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Horowitz, J.\n           (2021). Why you won\u2019t find Sean Hannity and Tucker Carlson on British TV. CNN Business. https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2021\/01\/16\/media\/fox-news-uk-ofcom\/index.html"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b47-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Hutchinson, A.\n           (2021). New research shows that 71% of Americans now get news content via social platforms. Social Media Today. https:\/\/www.socialmediatoday.com\/news\/new-research-shows-that-71-of-americans-now-get-news-content-via-social-pl\/593255\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212332037100_b48-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpr013","article-title":"Causal inference without balance checking: Coarsened exact matching","volume":"20","author":"Iacus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Political Analysis"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082212332037100_b49-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.09.007","article-title":"Bayesian surprise attracts human attention","volume":"49","author":"Itti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b50-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Jacobson, L.\n           (2022). Teachers have not had much of a raise in 25 years, data shows. PolitiFact. https:\/\/www.politifact.com\/factchecks\/2022\/aug\/24\/miguel-cardona\/data-shows-minimal-gains-teacher-pay-over-25-years\/"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b51-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22002","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2008144117","article-title":"Eliciting preferences for truth-telling in a survey of politicians","author":"Janezic","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b52-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","volume-title":"Tucker Carlson leads Fox News to May cable news ratings victory","author":"Joyella","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b53-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","article-title":"media polarization and the 2020 election: A nation divided","volume-title":"Pew Research Center","author":"Jurkowitz","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b54-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-15-139","article-title":"The risks and rewards of covariate adjustment in randomized trials: An assessment of 12 outcomes from 8 studies","volume":"15","author":"Kahan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b55-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","volume-title":"Thinking, fast and slow","author":"Kahneman","year":"2011"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b56-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Kalogeropoulos, A., Cherubini, F., & Newman, N. (2016). The future of online news video. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https:\/\/reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/research\/files\/The%2520Future%2520of%2520Online%2520News%2520Video.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212332037100_b57-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444818801313","article-title":"News brand attribution in distributed environments: Do people know where they get their news?","volume":"21","author":"Kalogeropoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b58-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1347","article-title":"Learning hierarchical discourse-level structure for fake news detection","author":"Karimi","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b59-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7249\/RR2960","volume-title":"News in a digital age: Comparing the presentation of news information over time and across media platforms","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212332037100_b60-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2019\/15188","article-title":"Says who? The effects of presentation format and source rating on fake news in social media","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212332037100_b61-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2019.1628921","article-title":"Combating fake news on social media with source ratings: The effects of user and expert reputation ratings","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b62-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.eacl-main.287","article-title":"Graph-based fake news detection using a summarization technique","author":"Kim","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212332037100_b63-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2021.1990611","article-title":"Dynamic effects of falsehoods and corrections on social media: A theoretical modeling and empirical evidence","volume":"38","author":"King","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b64-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-91968-0","volume-title":"Economics","author":"Krugman","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212332037100_b65-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/jcr\/ucv018","article-title":"Persuasion, interrupted: The effect of momentary interruptions on message processing and persuasion","volume":"42","author":"Kupor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b66-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.02.004","article-title":"Covariate adjustments in randomized controlled trials increased study power and reduced biasedness of effect size estimation","volume":"76","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b67-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002604","article-title":"YouTube as a source of information on COVID-19: A pandemic of misinformation?","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b68-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2015.05.009","article-title":"The celebrity talk show: Norms and practices","volume":"10","author":"Loeb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Discourse, Context & Media"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212332037100_b69-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1086\/527339","article-title":"The effect of making a prediction about the outcome of a consumption experience on the enjoyment of that experience","volume":"35","author":"Mandel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b70-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-020-00252-3","article-title":"Reliance on emotion promotes belief in fake news","volume":"5","author":"Martel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b71-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Meek, A.\n           (2021). Fewer Americans than ever before trust the mainstream media. Forbes. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/andymeek\/2021\/02\/20\/fewer-americans-than-ever-before-trust-the-mainstream-media\/"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b72-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2019.112986","article-title":"Fake news, rumor, information pollution in social media and web: A contemporary survey of state-of-the-arts, challenges and opportunities","volume":"153","author":"Meel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212332037100_b73-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2020.0927","article-title":"Appealing to sense and sensibility: System 1 and System 2 interventions for fake news on social media","volume":"31","author":"Moravec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212332037100_b74-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2019\/15505","article-title":"Fake news on social media: People believe what they want to believe when it makes no sense at all","volume":"43","author":"Moravec","year":"2019","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212332037100_b75-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1086\/597030","article-title":"Enhancing the television-viewing experience through commercial interruptions","volume":"36","author":"Nelson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b76-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429295379-8","article-title":"Truthiness: How non-probative photos shape belief","volume-title":"The psychology of fake news","author":"Newman","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b77-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., Levy, D. A. L., & Nielsen, R. K. (2017). Reuters Institute digital news report 2017. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https:\/\/reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/Digital%20News%20Report%202017%20web_0.pdf"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b78-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Schulz, A., Andi, S., & Nielsen, R. K. (2020). Reuters Institute digital news report 2020. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https:\/\/reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-06\/DNR_2020_FINAL.pdf"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025082212332037100_b79-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167201277001","article-title":"Multilevel random coefficient analyses of event- and interval-contingent data in social and personality psychology research","volume":"27","author":"Nezlek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212332037100_b80-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2021.1990612","article-title":"The effect of platform intervention policies on fake news dissemination and survival: An empirical examination","volume":"38","author":"Ng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212332037100_b81-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.2.2.175","article-title":"Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises","volume":"2","author":"Nickerson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Review of General Psychology"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b82-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Nielsen, R. K.\n           (2021). How to respond to disinformation while protecting free speech. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https:\/\/reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk\/news\/how-respond-disinformation-while-protecting-free-speech"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b83-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Ofcom\n           (2021). Section five: Due impartiality and due accuracy. https:\/\/www.ofcom.org.uk\/tv-radio-and-on-demand\/broadcast-codes\/broadcast-code\/section-five-due-impartiality-accuracy"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b84-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","first-page":"3986","article-title":"A tale of two internet news platforms-real vs. Fake: An elaboration likelihood model perspective","author":"Osatuyi","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212332037100_b85-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.1120.0718","article-title":"Handling endogenous regressors by joint estimation using copulas","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Marketing Science"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b86-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-013-0434-y","article-title":"Reputation as a sufficient condition for data quality on Amazon Mechanical Turk","volume":"46","author":"Peer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"7855","key":"2025082212332037100_b87-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03344-2","article-title":"Shifting attention to accuracy can reduce misinformation online","volume":"592","author":"Pennycook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b88-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806781116","article-title":"Fighting misinformation on social media using crowdsourced judgments of news source quality","author":"Pennycook","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212332037100_b89-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055421001234","article-title":"The influence of unknown media on public opinion: Evidence from local and foreign news sources","volume":"116","author":"Peterson","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b90-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Polishchuk, D.\n           (2021). Everything that you need to know about making money with Facebook videos. PromoRepublic. https:\/\/promorepublic.com\/en\/blog\/everything-need-know-making-money-facebook-videos\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212332037100_b91-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1017\/pan.2021.32","article-title":"Racing the clock: Using response time as a proxy for attentiveness on self-administered surveys","volume":"30","author":"Read","year":"2022","journal-title":"Political Analysis"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"2025082212332037100_b92-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/0267257X.2019.1708781","article-title":"You really are a great big sister\u201d: Parasocial relationships, credibility, and the moderating role of audience comments in influencer marketing","volume":"36","author":"Reinikainen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212332037100_b93-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444814535724","article-title":"Rumors and factitious informational blends: The role of the web in speculative politics","volume":"18","author":"Rojecki","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212332037100_b94-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2015.0579","article-title":"Cable news wars on the Internet: Competition and user-generated content","volume":"26","author":"Sabnis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b95-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7662","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1805871115","article-title":"Science audiences, misinformation, and fake news","author":"Scheufele","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212332037100_b96-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.35","article-title":"Sturges\u2019 rule","volume":"1","author":"Scott","year":"2009","journal-title":"WIREs Computational Statistics"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b97-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Sharockman, A.\n           (2015). MSNBC, Fox, CNN move the needle on our Truth-O-Meter scorecards. PolitiFact. https:\/\/www.politifact.com\/punditfact\/article\/2015\/jan\/27\/msnbc-fox-cnn-move-needle-our-truth-o-meter-scorec\/"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b98-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Sheridan, J.\n           (2021). Should you trust media bias charts? Poynter. https:\/\/www.poynter.org\/fact-checking\/media-literacy\/2021\/should-you-trust-media-bias-charts\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212332037100_b99-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0214507","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214507","article-title":"Individual EEG measures of attention, memory, and motivation predict population level TV viewership and Twitter engagement","volume":"14","author":"Shestyuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b100-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","volume-title":"This analysis shows how viral fake election news stories outperformed real news on Facebook","author":"Silverman","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212332037100_b101-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2014\/38.2.02","article-title":"Data collection in the digital age: Innovative alternatives to student samples","volume":"38","author":"Steelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b102-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199755509.001.0001","volume-title":"Niche news: The politics of news choice","author":"Stroud","year":"2011"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b103-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Suls, R.\n           (2014). Who is this man? Many Americans don\u2019t recognize top news anchor. Pew Research Center. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2014\/01\/09\/who-is-this-man-many-americans-dont-recognize-top-news-anchor\/"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b104-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Swift, A.\n           (2017). Six in 10 in U.S. see partisan bias in news media. Gallup. https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/207794\/six-partisan-bias-news-media.aspx"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b105-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"TIME\n          . (2018). TIME 100: The most influential people of 2018. https:\/\/time.com\/collection\/most-influential-people-2018\/"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082212332037100_b106-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.15000024","article-title":"Market failures and public policy","volume":"105","author":"Tirole","year":"2015","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082212332037100_b107-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1093\/joc\/jqaa034","article-title":"Antecedents and effects of parasocial relationships: A meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Tukachinsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Communication"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212332037100_b108-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2021.1990614","article-title":"Biased credibility and sharing of fake news on social media: Considering peer context and self-objectivity state","volume":"38","author":"Turel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212332037100_b109-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1177\/1464884913488719","article-title":"Is celebrity news, news?","volume":"15","author":"Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journalism"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b110-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\n          . (2023). Overview of the Clean Air Act and air pollution. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/clean-air-act-overview"},{"issue":"6380","key":"2025082212332037100_b111-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559","article-title":"The spread of true and false news online","volume":"359","author":"Vosoughi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212332037100_b112-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1077699011428575","article-title":"The correspondent, the comic, and the combatant: The consequences of host style in political talk shows","volume":"89","author":"Vraga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly"},{"key":"2025082212332037100_b113-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","unstructured":"Walker, M., & Forman-Katz, N. (2021). Cable news fact sheet. Pew Research Center. https:\/\/www.journalism.org\/fact-sheet\/cable-news\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212332037100_b114-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2021.1990615","article-title":"Cure or poison? Identity verification and the posting of fake news on social media","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212332037100_b115-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.2020.1399","article-title":"The effects of contract detail and prior ties on contract change: A learning perspective","volume":"32","author":"Xing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212332037100_b116-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2019.03.004","article-title":"An overview of online fake news: Characterization, detection, and discussion","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Information Processing & Management"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025082212332037100_b117-05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209071","article-title":"Digital identity: The effect of trust and reputation information on user judgement in the sharing economy","volume":"13","author":"Zloteanu","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["MIS Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/misq.umn.edu\/misq\/article-pdf\/48\/2\/551\/9362\/05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/misq.umn.edu\/misq\/article-pdf\/48\/2\/551\/9362\/05_ra_10_25300_misq_2023_17928.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T16:33:33Z","timestamp":1755880413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/misq.umn.edu\/misq\/article\/48\/2\/551\/2283\/Lying-for-Viewers-Commingled-Partisan-Falsehoods"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25300\/misq\/2023\/17928","relation":{},"ISSN":["0276-7783","2162-9730"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0276-7783","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-9730","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]}}}