{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T19:43:37Z","timestamp":1775850217007,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MIS Quarterly","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Gig platforms seek to create income opportunities, particularly for socially and economically marginalized people who find it challenging to engage in regular employment. Alongside this empowerment, safety concerns over unregulated drivers for transportation network company (TNC) platforms such as Uber and Lyft have led to discourse among policymakers on the necessity of background check laws (BCLs) with different stringency to exclude individuals from TNC jobs. Drawing on theories of labeling, routine activity, and rational choice theory, we conceptualize a trilogy of guardians\u2014the government, TNC platforms, and the community\u2014to safeguard ridesharing while mitigating the social costs of excluding marginalized citizens from TNC jobs. Empirically, we document the shifting of crimes into the property domain as an unintended consequence of the exclusion solution (i.e., BCLs by the government). Our findings indicate that digital safety technologies deployed by TNC platforms to deter crimes (i.e., in-app safety features) can serve as an alternative to BCLs. Moreover, we show that resources provided by the community can inhibit the negative impacts of exclusion by stringent BCL (i.e., through alternative income sources) and enable the effectiveness of deterrence by in-app safety features (i.e., through policing). Our study surfaces a holistic social justice assessment that involves examining the risks of excluding marginalized individuals from gig work and showing that digital technologies expand the solution space to achieve the public safety of citizens and inclusivity in gig employment through enabling the role of each guardian as well as their interdependence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.25300\/misq\/2024\/18261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T15:42:31Z","timestamp":1723045351000},"page":"1691-1720","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exclusion for Public Safety or Inclusion for Gig Employment: Managing the Tension with a Trilogy of Guardians"],"prefix":"10.25300","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Arun","family":"Rai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Digital Innovation and Computer Information Systems Department Robinson College of Business, Georgia State University Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A."}]},{"given":"Yanzhen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, Business Statistics and Operations Management Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong, China"}]},{"given":"Yatang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Division of Public Policy, Division of Social Science Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong, China"}]}],"member":"10933","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212341682500_b1-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2015.2194","article-title":"The impact of privacy regulation and technology incentives: The case of health information exchanges","volume":"62","author":"Adjerid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212341682500_b2-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjx028","article-title":"Ban the box, criminal records, and racial discrimination: A field experiment","volume":"133","author":"Agan","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b3-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","unstructured":"Alper, M., Duros, M. R., & Markman, J. (2018). 2018 update on prisoner recidivism: A 9-year follow-up period (2005-2014) (Special Report NCJ 250975). Bureau of Justice Statistics. https:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/18upr9yfup0514.pdf"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b4-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","unstructured":"Anderson, M., McClain, C., Faverio\u2008M., & Gelles-Watnick, R. (2021). The state of gig work in 2021. Pew Research Center. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2021\/12\/08\/the-state-of-gig-work-in-2021\/"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b5-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","unstructured":"Angwin, J., Larson, J., Mattu, S., Kirchner, L. (2016). Machine bias: There\u2019s software used across the country to predict future criminals. And it\u2019s biased against blacks. ProPublica. https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b6-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","unstructured":"Atchison Transport\n          . (2023). Reported list of incidents involving Uber and Lyft. Retrieved February 20, 2023, from https:\/\/www.atchisontransport.com\/blog\/reported-list-of-incidents-involving-uber-and-lyft\/"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b7-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104310","article-title":"Civic capital and social distancing during the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"193","author":"Barrios","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Public Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212341682500_b8-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2021.12.011","article-title":"Launching with a parachute: The gig economy and entrepreneurial entry","volume":"144","author":"Barrios","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Financial Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212341682500_b9-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1086\/259394","article-title":"Crime and punishment: An economic approach","volume":"76","author":"Becker","year":"1968","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b10-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","volume-title":"Outsiders: studies in the sociology of deviance","author":"Becker","year":"1963"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b11-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","volume-title":"The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies","author":"Brynjolfsson","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b12-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","unstructured":"Bucknor, C., & Barber, A. (2016). The price we pay: Economic costs of barriers to employment for former prisoners and people convicted of felonies. Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR). https:\/\/cepr.net\/images\/stories\/reports\/employment-prisoners-felonies-2016-06.pdf"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b13-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","unstructured":"Bughin, J., & Mischke, J. (2016). Exploding myths about the gig economy. VoxEU. https:\/\/cepr.org\/voxeu\/columns\/exploding-myths-about-gig-economy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212341682500_b14-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2010.00217.x","article-title":"The predictive value of criminal background checks: Do age and criminal history affect time to redemption?","volume":"49","author":"Bushway","year":"2011","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025082212341682500_b15-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5497","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2017.2916","article-title":"Can you gig it? An empirical examination of the gig economy and entrepreneurial activity","volume":"64","author":"Burtch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b16-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","unstructured":"Carson, E. A., Sandler, D. H., Bhaskar, R., Fernandez, L. E., & Porter, S. R. (2021). Employment of persons released from federal prison in 2010 (Special Report NCJ 303147). Bureau of Justice Statistics. https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/eprfp10.pdf"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b17-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.2307\/2094589","article-title":"Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach","volume":"44","author":"Cohen","year":"1979","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b18-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3386\/w24732","volume-title":"The gender earnings gap in the gig economy: Evidence from over a million rideshare drivers (Working Paper 24732)","author":"Cook","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212341682500_b19-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2014\/38.4.01","article-title":"Internet\u2019s dirty secret: Assessing the impact of online intermediaries on HIV transmission","volume":"38","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212341682500_b20-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2016\/40.2.05","article-title":"The internet and racial hate crime: Offline spillovers from online access","volume":"40","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025082212341682500_b21-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2017.2756","article-title":"Hiring preferences in online labor markets: Evidence of a female hiring bias","volume":"64","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212341682500_b22-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2018.0799","article-title":"The digital Sin City: An empirical study of Craigslist\u2019s impact on prostitution trends","volume":"30","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212341682500_b23-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20141147","article-title":"Criminal deterrence: A review of the literature","volume":"55","author":"Chalfin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025082212341682500_b24-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1080\/1369183X.2014.986441","article-title":"Secure communities and community values: Local context and discretionary immigration law enforcement","volume":"41","author":"Chand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082212341682500_b25-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1086\/702171","article-title":"The value of flexible work: Evidence from Uber drivers","volume":"127","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b26-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","unstructured":"Desilver, D.\n           (2020). Not all unemployed people get unemployment benefits; in some states, very few do. Pew Research Center. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2020\/04\/24\/not-all-unemployed-people-get-unemployment-benefits-in-some-states-very-few-do\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212341682500_b27-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1086\/705880","article-title":"The unintended consequences of \u201cban the box\u201d: Statistical discrimination and employment outcomes when criminal histories are hidden","volume":"38","author":"Doleac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Labor Economics"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b28-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","first-page":"79","article-title":"Police problems: The complexity of problem theory, research and evaluation","volume":"15","author":"Eck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crime Prevention Studies"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b29-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","article-title":"Full-time law enforcement employees, by region and geographic division by population group, number and rate per 1,000 inhabitants, 2019","volume-title":"FBI: UCR","author":"FBI","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b30-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","article-title":"Table 77 data declaration: Full-time law enforcement employees, by state, 2019","volume-title":"FBI: UCR","author":"FBI","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b31-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483349299","volume-title":"Crime and everyday life","author":"Felson","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b32-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","article-title":"Understanding disparities in unemployment insurance recipiency","volume-title":"University of Illinois","author":"Forsythe","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b33-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2922874","volume-title":"Geographical discrimination in the gig economy","author":"Galperin","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212341682500_b34-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1100.1246","article-title":"Privacy regulation and online advertising","volume":"57","author":"Goldfarb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212341682500_b35-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2017\/41.1.08","article-title":"Show me the way to go home: An empirical investigation of ridesharing and alcohol related motor vehicle fatalities","volume":"41","author":"Greenwood","year":"2017","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b36-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guimar\u00e3es, P., & Portugal, P. (2009). A simple feasible alternative procedure to estimate models with high-dimensional fixed effects (IZA Discussion Papers, No. 3935). Institute for the Study of Labor. https:\/\/nbn-resolving.de\/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2009020957","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1329573"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b37-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1177\/0019793917717222","article-title":"An analysis of the labor market for Uber\u2019s driver-partners in the United States","volume":"71","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"ILR Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212341682500_b38-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2021.1044","article-title":"The societal impact of sharing economy platform self-regulations\u2014An empirical investigation","volume":"33","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212341682500_b39-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.2307\/1911191","article-title":"Econometric models for count data with an application to the patents-R&D relationship","volume":"52","author":"Hausman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b40-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10611-011-9309-2","article-title":"Guardianship for crime prevention: A critical review of the literature","volume":"56","author":"Hollis-Peel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crime, Law and Social Change"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b41-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","unstructured":"Holt, K.\n           (2019). Senator urges Uber and Lyft to run fingerprint background checks. Yahoo!tech. https:\/\/www.yahoo.com\/tech\/2019-11-08-uber-lyft-safety-fingerprint-background-checks-dangerous-driver-data.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082212341682500_b42-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2013.0501","article-title":"A framework and guidelines for context-specific theorizing in information systems research","volume":"25","author":"Hong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b43-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","unstructured":"Kalanick, T.\n           (2016). Record shouldn\u2019t bar ex-convicts from work. San Francisco Chronicle. https:\/\/www.sfchronicle.com\/opinion\/openforum\/article\/Record-shouldn-t-bar-ex-offenders-from-work-9799875.php"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b44-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3886\/E100707V10-142743","article-title":"Uniform crime reporting program data: Offenses known and clearances by arrest, 1960-2017","author":"Kaplan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212341682500_b45-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9133.2006.00397.x","article-title":"Scarlet letters and recidivism: Does an old criminal record predict future offending?","volume":"5","author":"Kurlychek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Criminology & Public Policy"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b46-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.lawsocsci.2.081805.105856","article-title":"Economic contributions to the understanding of crime","volume":"2","author":"Levitt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annual Review of Law and Social Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082212341682500_b47-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2019.3479","article-title":"Drug abuse and the internet: Evidence from craigslist","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b48-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1939589","volume-title":"The digital scarlet letter: The effect of online criminal records on crime","author":"Luca","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b49-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517524","article-title":"Brush it off: How women workers manage and cope with bias and harassment in gender-agnostic gig platforms","author":"Ma","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b50-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","volume-title":"Recidivism","author":"Maltz","year":"1984"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212341682500_b51-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2014.1004035","article-title":"The effect of stigma on criminal offenders\u2019 functioning: A longitudinal mediational model","volume":"37","author":"Moore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Deviant Behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025082212341682500_b52-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1177\/1462474512464008","article-title":"Prisoner reintegration and the stigma of prison time inscribed on the body","volume":"14","author":"Moran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Punishment and Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212341682500_b53-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2020.0978","article-title":"The deterrent effect of ride-sharing on sexual assault and investigation of situational contingencies","volume":"32","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b54-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","unstructured":"Pew Research Center\n           (2021). The state of gig work in 2021. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2021\/12\/08\/the-state-of-gig-work-in-2021\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212341682500_b55-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1086\/467358","article-title":"Stigma and self-fulfilling expectations of criminality","volume":"39","author":"Rasmusen","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Journal of Law and Economics"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b56-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","unstructured":"Rizer, A., Liebman, R., & Haggerty, J. (2018). Can the on-demand economy open doors for the formerly incarcerated? (Policy Study No. 132). The R Street Institute. https:\/\/www.rstreet.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Final-132-for-posting-1.pdf"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b57-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","unstructured":"Rodriguez, M. N., & Emsellem, M. (2011). 65 million \u201cneed not apply\u201d: The case for reforming criminal background checks for employment. National Employment Law Project. https:\/\/www.nelp.org\/publication\/65-million-need-not-apply-the-case-for-reforming-criminal-background-checks-for-employment\/"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b58-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","volume-title":"The states with the best and worst unemployment benefits","author":"Rowan","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b59-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3386\/w24381","volume-title":"Do ban the box laws increase crime? (Working Paper 24381)","author":"Sabia","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212341682500_b60-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.2307\/30036548","article-title":"The contingent effects of management support and task interdependence on successful information systems implementation","volume":"27","author":"Sharma","year":"2003","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b61-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-012-9166-x","article-title":"Post-release employment and recidivism in Norway","volume":"28","author":"Skardhamar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Quantitative Criminology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212341682500_b62-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.2307\/2579438","article-title":"Urban stratification of places, routine activities and suburban crime rates","volume":"66","author":"Stahura","year":"1988","journal-title":"Social Forces"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b63-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","unstructured":"United Nations\n          . (2006). Social justice in an open world: The role of the United Nations. Economic and Social Affairs. https:\/\/www.un.org\/esa\/socdev\/documents\/ifsd\/SocialJustice.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025082212341682500_b64-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2003.50.4.592","article-title":"A test of a micro-level application of shaming theory","volume":"50","author":"Tittle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Social Problems"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082212341682500_b65-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2016\/40.2.04","article-title":"Combating infant mortality in rural India","volume":"40","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2016","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b66-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","unstructured":"Vermont News\n          . (2020). Uber launches in-app emergency button in VT. https:\/\/www.news10.com\/news\/vt-news\/uber-launches-in-app-emergency-button-in-vt\/"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b67-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","volume-title":"Who is driving you? Part 1: Assaults","author":"Vintage Taxi Service","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b68-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","volume-title":"Who is driving you? Part 2: Sexual assaults and harassment","author":"Vintage Taxi Service","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b69-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","volume-title":"Who is driving you? Part 3: Deaths","author":"Vintage Taxi Service","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082212341682500_b70-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.2307\/799814","article-title":"Labeling theory and criminology: An assessment","volume":"22","author":"Wellford","year":"1975","journal-title":"Social Problems"},{"key":"2025082212341682500_b71-15_si_10.25300_misq_2024_18261","unstructured":"Zhou, M.\n           (2018). Uber, Lyft reportedly skimp on background checks. CNET. https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/tech\/tech-industry\/uber-lyft-reportedly-skimp-on-background-checks"}],"container-title":["MIS Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/misq.umn.edu\/misq\/article-pdf\/48\/4\/1691\/9573\/15_si_10_25300_misq_2024_18261.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/misq.umn.edu\/misq\/article-pdf\/48\/4\/1691\/9573\/15_si_10_25300_misq_2024_18261.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T16:34:30Z","timestamp":1755880470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/misq.umn.edu\/misq\/article\/48\/4\/1691\/2302\/Exclusion-for-Public-Safety-or-Inclusion-for-Gig"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25300\/misq\/2024\/18261","relation":{},"ISSN":["0276-7783","2162-9730"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0276-7783","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-9730","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]}}}