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This greater judgmentalness reduced the willingness to use the service, disclose information, and follow the agent\u2019s recommendations. Participants described judgmentalness as a rush to judgment without fully grasping the issues. The chatbot was perceived as more judgmental because it was less capable of deeply understanding the issues (e.g., emotionally and socially) and conveying a sense of being heard and validated. It has long been assumed that chatbots can address the real or imagined fear of being judged by others for stigmatized conditions like mental health. Our study shows that perceptions of judgmentalness are actually the opposite of what has been assumed and that these perceptions significantly influence patients\u2019 acceptance of chatbots for mental health screening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.25300\/misq\/2025\/18555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T15:22:23Z","timestamp":1752160943000},"page":"1319-1356","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Judgmental Bot: Conversational Agents in Online Mental Health Screening"],"prefix":"10.25300","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Ryan","family":"Raimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Systems Area, Naveen Jindal School of Management The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, U.S.A"}]},{"given":"Antino","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operations & Decision Technologies Department, Kelley School of Business Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, U.S.A"}]},{"given":"Sezgin","family":"Ayabakan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management Information Systems Department, Fox School of Business Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A"}]},{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Dennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operations & Decision Technologies Department, Kelley School of Business Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, U.S.A"}]}],"member":"10933","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120114413512700_b1-04_ra_10_25300_misq_2025_18555","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2019.103978","article-title":"An overview of the features of chatbots in mental health: A scoping review","volume":"132","author":"Abd-Alrazaq","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Informatics"},{"key":"2025120114413512700_b2-04_ra_10_25300_misq_2025_18555","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s10772-015-9330-4","article-title":"Usefulness, localizability, humanness, and language-benefit: Additional evaluation criteria for natural language dialogue systems","volume":"19","author":"AbuShawar","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Speech Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120114413512700_b3-04_ra_10_25300_misq_2025_18555","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.9.2.204","article-title":"A conceptual and operational definition of personal innovativeness in the domain of information technology","volume":"9","author":"Agarwal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"key":"2025120114413512700_b4-04_ra_10_25300_misq_2025_18555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40789","DOI":"10.2196\/40789","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence-based chatbots for promoting health behavioral changes: Systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120114413512700_b5-04_ra_10_25300_misq_2025_18555","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1100.0335","article-title":"The digitization of healthcare: boundary risks, emotion, and consumer willingness to disclose personal health information","volume":"22","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025120114413512700_b6-04_ra_10_25300_misq_2025_18555","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci7100196","article-title":"Understanding mental health: what are the issues for black and ethnic minority students at university?","volume":"7","author":"Arday","year":"2018","journal-title":"Social Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120114413512700_b7-04_ra_10_25300_misq_2025_18555","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1300\/J010v44n04_02","article-title":"Evidence that supports the value of social work in hospitals","volume":"44","author":"Auerbach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Social Work in Health Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120114413512700_b8-04_ra_10_25300_misq_2025_18555","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191104268029","article-title":"Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills","volume":"11","author":"Baer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"2025120114413512700_b9-04_ra_10_25300_misq_2025_18555","unstructured":"Bradford, D. 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