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Alliance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human milk is important for antimicrobial defense in infants and has well demonstrated antiviral activity. We evaluated the protective ability of human milk against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in a human fetal intestinal cell culture model. We found that, in this model, human milk blocks SARS-CoV-2 replication, irrespective of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific antibodies. Complete inhibition of both enveloped Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and human respiratory syncytial virus infections was also observed, whereas no inhibition of non-enveloped enterovirus A71 infection was seen. Transcriptome analysis after 24 h of the intestinal monolayers treated with human milk showed large transcriptomic changes from human milk treatment, and subsequent analysis suggested that<jats:italic>ATP1A1<\/jats:italic>down-regulation by milk might be of importance. Inhibition of ATP1A1 blocked SARS-CoV-2 infection in our intestinal model, whereas no effect on EV-A71 infection was seen. Our data indicate that human milk has potent antiviral activity against particular (enveloped) viruses by potentially blocking the ATP1A1-mediated endocytic process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202201432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T12:00:27Z","timestamp":1659614427000},"page":"e202201432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26508\/lsa.crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Human milk inhibits some enveloped virus infections, including SARS-CoV-2, in an intestinal model"],"prefix":"10.26508","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ikrame","family":"Aknouch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, OrganoVIR Labs, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Emma 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