{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:10:26Z","timestamp":1790176226284,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Previous injury and physical examination data collected by a physiotherapist were reviewed to investigate the causes of injury among competitive swimmers. Each swimmer received an injury improvement exercise program based on their injury history and physical examination findings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n The purpose of this study was to identify trends in the number of shoulder and lumbar injuries and discern the effectiveness of exercise programs in swimmers. The authors hypothesize that these efforts would decrease injury rates.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Design<\/jats:title>\n Observational Cohort study<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Thirty-one male high school and college student swimmers underwent a physical examination. Previous injury was considered as pain that lasted for > three weeks or that caused the participant to stop practicing. A questionnaire was administered to all swimmers at the beginning of the study and one year later. The questionnaire assessed the number of injuries sustained and the daily practice hours over the previous year. The injury rate at the first examination and one-year followup was calculated as the number of injury incidents divided by the total number of player hours (1 h of practice is equivalent to 1) for one year, multiplied by 1,000 to obtain the injury rate per 1,000 hours (1000 player hours: 1,000 ph). Shoulder and hip exercise programs were prescribed based on measurement results and previous research.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The numbers of injuries seen in the group were 12 shoulder and six lumbar at the first examination, and two shoulder and one lumbar at the one-year followup. The 1,000 ph (95% confidence interval) values were 0.32 (0.13\u20130.50) and 0.16 (0.03\u20130.29) at the first examination and 0.05 (0.00\u20130.12) and 0.03 (0.00\u20130.07) at the one-year followup for the shoulder and lumbar areas, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The results indicates that exercise programs prescribed after a physical examination may reduce the incidence of injuries in male swimmers over the course of a year.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n Level 3<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.126189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]],"date-time":"2024-11-30T19:57:16Z","timestamp":1732996636000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Changes in Shoulder and Lumbar Injury Incidence in Swimmers After Physical Examination and Exercise Programs"],"prefix":"10.26603","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Takayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanna Central College of Rehabilitation","department":["Department of Physical therapy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masatoshi","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05yhrkh78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Nishikyushu University","department":["Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kataura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PRO-motion"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinya","family":"Kazekami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uragami Internal Medicine Clinic","department":["Department of Rehabilitation"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Takane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05ajyt645","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Japanese Red Cross Society Wakayama Medical Center","department":["Department of Rehabilitation"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Mitomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Komatsu Ltd"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeto","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/034jwje45","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Yukioka Hospital","department":["Sports Orthopedics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.066837","article-title":"The effects of an exercise intervention on forward head and rounded shoulder postures in elite swimmers","volume":"44","author":"S. S. Lynch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040868","article-title":"Aerobic exercise training with brisk walking increases intestinal bacteroides in healthy elderly woman","volume":"11","author":"E. Morita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.10.010","article-title":"The effect of trunk rotation during shoulder exercises on the activity of the scapular muscle and scapular kinematics","volume":"24","author":"T. Yamauchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000457","article-title":"A swim-specific shoulder strength and conditioning program for front crawl swimmers","volume":"41","author":"J. Bradley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Strength Cond J"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2016.04.025","article-title":"Effects of two stretching methods on shoulder range of motion and muscle stiffness in baseball players with posterior shoulder tightness: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"T. Yamauchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.7600\/jpfsm.8.113","article-title":"Static stretching duration needed to decrease passive stiffness of hamstring muscle-tendon unit","volume":"8","author":"M. Nakamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Phys Fit Sports Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.244","article-title":"Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software \u2019 EZR \u2019 for medical statistics","volume":"48","author":"Y. Kanda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transpl"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.03.028","article-title":"Changes in clinical measures and tissue adaptations in collegiate swimmers across a competitive season","volume":"29","author":"A. Tate","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2012.01.001","article-title":"Shoulder pain in swimmers: a 12-month prospective cohort study of in incidence and risk factors","volume":"13","author":"H. Walker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.72717","article-title":"The effects of differing density of swim-training sessions on shoulder range of motion and isometric force production in national and university level swimmers","volume":"18","author":"M. Yoma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659302100112","article-title":"A survey of interfering shoulder pain in United States competitive swimmers","volume":"21","author":"W. C. McMaster","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-199601000-00009","article-title":"Comparison of glenohumeral joint laxity in elite and recreational swimmers","volume":"6","author":"M. J. Zemek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510384223","article-title":"Correlation of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and total rotation motion to shoulder injuries in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"39","author":"K. E. Wilk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","first-page":"49","article-title":"Risk factors for shoulder injuries in male high school and college swimmers: with special attention to spine and shoulder range of motion","volume":"23","author":"H. Takayama","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Aqua Heal Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2011.08.042","article-title":"Effects of posterior capsule tightness on subacromial contact behavior during shoulder motions","volume":"21","author":"T. Muraki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520969913","article-title":"Prediction of shoulder pain in youth competitive swimmers: The development and internal validation of a prognostic prediction model","volume":"49","author":"S. Feijen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381231166957","article-title":"Comparsion of muscle coordination during front crawl and backstroke with and without swimmer\u2019s shoulder pain","volume":"16","author":"Y. Matsuura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.920208","article-title":"Effects of lower trapezius strengthening exercises on pain, dysfunction, posture alignment, muscle thickness and contraction rate in patients with neck pain; Randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"S. H. Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.26603\/ijspt20190074","article-title":"Neuromuscular adaptions following a daily strengthening exercise in individuals with rotator cuff related shoulder pain: A pilot case-control study","volume":"14","author":"A. L. Seitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2015.1051132","article-title":"Does a land-based compensatory strength-training programme influences the rotator cuff balance of young competitive swimmers?","volume":"15","author":"N. Batalha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J sport Sci"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8654","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168654","article-title":"The potential role of hamstrings extensibility on sagittal pelvic tilt, sagittal spinal curves and recurrent low back pain in team sports players: Agender prespective analuysis","volume":"18","author":"A. Cejudo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000615","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2019-000615","article-title":"Injury trend analysis in the Japan national swim team from 2002 to 2016: Effect of the lumbar injury prevention project","volume":"5","author":"Y. Matsuura","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2018-0262","article-title":"Swimmers with low back pain indicate greater lumber extension during dolphin kick and psoas major tightness","volume":"29","author":"G. Kitamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18624-8","article-title":"Difference in muscle synergies of the butterfly technique with and without swimmer\u2019s shoulder","volume":"12","author":"Y. Matsuura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381231225213","article-title":"Swimming anatomy and lower back injuries in competitive swimmers: A narrative review","volume":"16","author":"C. Hsu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2021.07.011","article-title":"Physical characteristics of patients with symptomatic lumber spondylolysis who have recurrent low back pain after returning to sports","volume":"28","author":"K. Yamasaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091875","article-title":"Critical factors for the prevention of low back pain in elite junior divers","volume":"48","author":"T. Narita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3182041de0","article-title":"Training induces scapular dyskinesis in pain-free competitive swimmers: A reliability and observational study","volume":"21","author":"P. H. Madsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0215352","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215352","article-title":"Japanese translation and modification of the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre overuse injury questionnaire to evaluate overuse injuries in female college swimmers","volume":"14","author":"Y. Nagano","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094423","article-title":"Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association men\u2019s and women\u2019s swimming and diving injuries from 2009\/2010 to 2013\/2014","volume":"49","author":"Z. Y. Kerr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2020-0488","article-title":"Hypomobility in males and hypermobility in females are risk factor for shoulder pain among young swimmers","volume":"31","author":"T. Mise","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.4081\/or.2011.e18","article-title":"Sports injures in adolescents","volume":"3","author":"S. Habelt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Orthop Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094104","article-title":"Injury risk factors, screening tests and preventative strategies: a systematic review of the evidence that underpins the perceptions and practices of 44 football (soccer) teams from various premier leagues","volume":"49","author":"A. McCall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-016-0051-2","article-title":"Medical Care for Swimmers","volume":"2","author":"M. Khodaee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.21.3.253","article-title":"Effect of a 6-week strengthening program on shoulder and scapular-stabilizer strength and scapular kinematics in Division I collegiate swimmers","volume":"21","author":"E. E. Hibberd","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ijspt.scholasticahq.com\/article\/126189-changes-in-shoulder-and-lumbar-injury-incidence-in-swimmers-after-physical-examination-and-exercise-programs","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:51:37Z","timestamp":1790175097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijspt.scholasticahq.com\/article\/126189-changes-in-shoulder-and-lumbar-injury-incidence-in-swimmers-after-physical-examination-and-exercise-programs"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26603\/001c.126189","relation":{},"ISSN":["2159-2896"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2159-2896","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]}}}