{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:10:11Z","timestamp":1790176211138,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Upper extremity injuries are common in baseball spanning from youth through professional leagues, especially in preseason. Although there are some arbitrary guidelines for number of throws during practices and games, there is no current information on workload during preseason in baseball pitchers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"hypothesispurpose\">\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to quantify the number of throws and workload, as defined by angular velocity, during preseason training in a collegiate baseball season.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"study-design\">\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptive Epidemiology Study<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nine baseball pitchers wore an inertial measurement unit on the forearm during all preseason training. Movements were captured at 100Hz and classified as a throw when the forearm velocity was greater than 800\u00b0\/second. Peak angular velocity was exported for each throw and total workload was calculated as the median angular velocity multiplied by total throws for each day. Chronic workload was calculated as the rolling 28 days average workload and acute workload was calculated as the average seven-day workload. Acute to chronic workload ratio (ACWR) was calculated for each week. A repeated measures ANOVA with pairwise comparisons was used to compare throws, acute workload, and ACWR between weeks. Cohen\u2019s d effect sizes were calculated for all significant differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pitchers averaged 1990.6 \u00b1 881.7 throws throughout preseason at an average angular velocity of 1686.2 \u00b1 334.9 m\/s. Acute workload was reduced in Week 4 compared to Week 2 (p=0.018, d=1.73) and week 3 (p=0.007, d =2.30). ACWR was above 1.27 on weeks 1,2,3, and 5. ACWR was significantly reduced in week 4 (0.79) compared to week 3 (1.50; p=0.021, d =0.71).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"conclusion\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ACWR was above 1.27 for four of the six weeks of preseason, suggesting that there may be a need to reduce workload and progressively build during the preseason. Clinicians should consider monitoring workload during preseason throwing to decrease risk of chronic overuse injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"level-of-evidence\">\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>2c<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.128051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T21:27:48Z","timestamp":1738358868000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Preseason Workload in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers"],"prefix":"10.26603","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Bennett","family":"Tabaracci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03taz7m60","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Southern California","department":["Physical Therapy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shraddha","family":"Sudhir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02mpq6x41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago","department":["Physical Therapy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Gauthier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02mpq6x41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago","department":["Physical Therapy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Hannigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02mpq6x41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago","department":["Physical Therapy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2008.04.002","article-title":"Relationships between ball velocity and throwing mechanics in collegiate baseball pitchers","volume":"17","author":"S. L. Werner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510384224","article-title":"Risk of serious injury for young baseball pitchers: a 10-year prospective study","volume":"39","author":"G. S. Fleisig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Guidelines for youth and adolescent pitchers","journal-title":"Major League Baseball"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e609","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001520","article-title":"Youth baseball pitch counts vastly underestimate high-effort throws throughout a season","volume":"40","author":"E. P. Wahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182785059","article-title":"An inferential and descriptive statistical examination of the relationship between cumulative work metrics and injury in Major League Baseball pitchers","volume":"27","author":"T. Karakolis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300040201","article-title":"Effect of pitch type, pitch count, and pitching mechanics on risk of elbow and shoulder pain in youth baseball pitchers","volume":"30","author":"S. Lyman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505284188","article-title":"Risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in adolescent baseball pitchers","volume":"34","author":"S. J., 2nd Olsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509350067","article-title":"Association of maximum pitch velocity and elbow injury in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"38","author":"B. D. Bushnell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31827e1509","article-title":"Fastball velocity trends in short-season minor league baseball","volume":"27","author":"R. L. Crotin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0456.19","article-title":"Influence of baseball training load on clinical reach tests and grip strength in collegiate baseball players","volume":"55","author":"B. Pexa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-239-17","article-title":"The first decade of web-based sports injury surveillance: Descriptive epidemiology of injuries in US high school boys' baseball (2005-2006 Through 2013-2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association men's baseball (2004-2005 Through 2013-2014)","volume":"54","author":"E. B. Wasserman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519850560","article-title":"Baseball pitchers' perceived effort does not match actual measured effort during a structured long-toss throwing program","volume":"47","author":"H.P. Melugin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.5.3.328","article-title":"The validity and reliability of GPS units for measuring distance in team sport specific running patterns","volume":"5","author":"D. Jennings","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.09.015","article-title":"Validity and reliability of GPS devices for measuring movement demands of team sports","volume":"13","author":"A. J. Coutts","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2020.9753","article-title":"Workload a-WEAR-ness: Monitoring workload in team sports with wearable technology. A scoping review","volume":"50","author":"L. C. Benson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2010.521166","article-title":"Sprinting analysis of elite soccer players during Eurpoean Champions League and UEFA Cup matches","volume":"28","author":"V. Di Salvo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2018.1431535","article-title":"Activity monitoring in men's college soccer: a single season longitudinal study","volume":"26","author":"L. V. Slater","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23259671231151450","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671231151450","article-title":"Game-day pitch and throw count feasibility using a single sensor to quantify workload in youth baseball players","volume":"11","author":"M. T. Freehill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.94146","article-title":"An interval throwing program for baseball pitchers based upon workload data","volume":"19","author":"M. M. Reinold","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211029017","article-title":"Are wearable sensors valid and reliable for studying the baseball pitching motion? An independent comparison with marker-based motion capture","volume":"49","author":"C. L. Camp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465231166423","article-title":"Are 4D motion sensors valid and reliable for studying baseball pitching?","volume":"51","author":"S. R. Loushin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-199801000-00003","article-title":"Epidemiology of collegiate baseball injuries","volume":"8","author":"E. G. McFarland","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9008","DOI":"10.3390\/s22229008","article-title":"Sensor location matters when estimating player workload for baseball pitching","volume":"22","author":"C. Agresta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4049025","article-title":"Quantifying throw counts and intensities throughout a season in youth baseball players: A pilot study","volume":"143","author":"M. J. Rose","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.10.014","article-title":"The acute:chronic workload ratio in relation to injury risk in professional soccer","volume":"20","author":"S. Malone","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports11030051","article-title":"Comparing Two Methods of Acute: Chronic Workload Calculations in Girls' Youth Volleyball","volume":"11","author":"C. Schumann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381211055142","article-title":"Chronic workload, subjective arm health, and throwing injury in high school baseball players: 3-year retrospective pilot study","volume":"14","author":"S. Mehta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2020.9256","article-title":"How much? How fast? How soon? Three simple concepts for progressing training loads to minimize injury risk and enhance performance","volume":"50","author":"T. J. Gabbett","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6365","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6365","article-title":"Exploring wearable sensors as an alternative to marker-based motion capture in the pitching delivery","volume":"7","author":"K. J. Boddy","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"W. G. Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-095973","article-title":"Training load--injury paradox: is greater preseason participation associated with lower in-season injury risk in elite rugby league players?","volume":"51","author":"J. Windt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0591-0","article-title":"Relationships between training load indicators and training outcomes in professional soccer","volume":"47","author":"A. Jaspers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2019.11.002","article-title":"Upper limb injuries in Major League Baseball","volume":"41","author":"M. Y. Fares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref34","first-page":"194","article-title":"Descriptive analysis of pitch volume in southeastern conference baseball pitchers","volume":"5","author":"S. Love","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Am J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2019.08.001","article-title":"Relationship between workload and throwing injury in varsity baseball players","volume":"40","author":"S. Mehta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.24146","article-title":"Identifying risk factors of upper extremity injuries in collegiate baseball players: A pilot study","volume":"16","author":"R. Slowik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3182717983","article-title":"Practice injury rates in collegiate sports","volume":"23","author":"J. Agel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8050069","article-title":"Monitoring workloads of a professional female futsal team over a season: A case study","volume":"8","author":"C. Lago-Fuentes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10081367","article-title":"Quantification of pre-season and in-season training intensity across an entire competitive season of Asian professional soccer players","volume":"10","author":"H. Nobari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1177\/17479541211064872","article-title":"The content and load of preseason field-based training in a championship-winning professional rugby league team: A case study","volume":"17","author":"M. Fairbank","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coaching"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.92016","article-title":"Workload comparison of contemporary interval throwing programs and a novel optimized program for baseball pitchers","volume":"19","author":"B. Dowling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512467952","article-title":"Associations between timing in the baseball pitch and shoulder kinetics, elbow kinetics, and ball speed","volume":"41","author":"M. A. Urbin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511411700","article-title":"Epidemiology of Major League Baseball injuries","volume":"39","author":"M. Posner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref44","first-page":"183","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men's baseball injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association injury surveillance system, 1988-1989 through 2003-2004","volume":"42","author":"R. Dick","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.36.6.436","article-title":"The Football Association Medical Research Programme: an audit of injuries in professional football-analysis of preseason injuries","volume":"36","author":"C. Woods","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23259671211056083","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671211056083","article-title":"Influence of preseason versus in-season play on Achilles tendon injuries in the National Football League","volume":"9","author":"L. V. Ready","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465221104490","article-title":"The most common type, severity, and expected frequency of injuries vary by defensive position in professional baseball players","volume":"50","author":"J. B., 2nd Carr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-46.6.648","article-title":"Incidence of injuries in high school softball and baseball players","volume":"46","author":"E. Shanley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Athl Train"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ijspt.scholasticahq.com\/article\/128051-preseason-workload-in-collegiate-baseball-pitchers","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:50:48Z","timestamp":1790175048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijspt.scholasticahq.com\/article\/128051-preseason-workload-in-collegiate-baseball-pitchers"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26603\/001c.128051","relation":{},"ISSN":["2159-2896"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2159-2896","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}}}