{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T21:18:40Z","timestamp":1788383920485,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754092800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The kinematic sequencing of overhead throwing demonstrates a series of joint motions to generate the throwing force. The biomechanics of the overhead throw have been heavily researched in baseball players; however, more research is needed on the biomechanics of passing in football quarterbacks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"purpose\">\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this pilot descriptive study was to identify the kinematic sequencing of a football quarterback\u2019s pass using wireless inertial motion technology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"study-design\">\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pilot descriptive cross-sectional study<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight young, healthy, right-handed, pain-free quarterbacks (four high school, four collegiate) performed three drop back passes each at three increasing distances (9 total passes at 10, 20 and 30 yards) while wearing Ultium wireless IMUs (Noraxon, Scottsdale AZ) as part of their pre-season assessment. Kinematic data of each pass were identified and marked at four points of interest: foot contact, maximal external rotation, ball release, and maximal internal rotation. Data were analyzed with Noraxon MyoMotion 3.18 using a customized kinematic sequence algorithm to provide mean angles at specific points of interest over the nine throws of each quarterback.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subjects were male, mean age 16.4 +\/- 1.8 years (range 14-20). Kinematic sequencing of the extremities revealed shoulder abduction and external rotation peaked respectively at an average of 112\u00b0 and 134\u00b0 at the beginning of the acceleration phase, as did elbow flexion (100\u00b0). Stride knee flexion remained relatively consistent, increasing from 29\u00b0 to 46\u00b0 after maximal shoulder external rotation. The trunk remained relatively upright; however, quarterbacks experienced an average of 23\u00b0 of lumbar extension at maximal shoulder external rotation. The trunk initiated rotation with an average of 40\u00b0 to the right at foot contact, which reversed during the acceleration phase to a maximum of 21\u00b0 to the left. Hip-shoulder separation remained about 20\u00b0, initially favoring right trunk rotation in the cocking phase, but quickly reversed to 20\u00b0 favoring left trunk rotation in the follow-through. Minimal hip-shoulder separation (11\u00b0) occurred at ball release.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"conclusion\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the kinematic sequence from lower to upper extremity, stride knee flexion remains relatively unchanged, while trunk movement tends to shift away from the throwing side, converging toward a near-neutral position in all three planes just before ball release. This pilot study provided insight into the kinematic sequencing of football quarterbacks. Further research is warranted in evaluating the quarterback pass with inertial motion units.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"level-of-evidence\">\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.142488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T23:45:04Z","timestamp":1754005504000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Kinematic Sequencing of the Football Pass Using Inertial Motion Analysis"],"prefix":"10.26603","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Andre","family":"Labbe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane University Medical School","department":["Department of Orthopedics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Foret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moreau Physical Therapy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madison","family":"Troy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane University Medical School","department":["Department of Orthopedics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7510-9372","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Phil","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05nx3r660","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Franciscan Missionaries of Our Lady University","department":["Doctor of Physical Therapy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix \"Buddy\"","family":"Savoie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane University Medical School","department":["Department of Orthopedics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211029017","article-title":"Are wearable sensors valid and reliable for studying the baseball pitching motion? An independent comparison with marker-based motion capture","volume":"49","author":"C. L. Camp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.12.2.207","article-title":"Kinematic and kinetic comparison between baseball pitching and football passing","volume":"12","author":"G. S. Fleisig","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.11.4.443","article-title":"A three-dimensional dynamic analysis of the quarterback\u2019s throwing motion in american football","volume":"11","author":"G. S. Rash","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300061401","article-title":"Electromyographic analysis and phase definition of the overhead football throw","volume":"30","author":"B. T. Kelly","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-018-9453-8","article-title":"Common injuries in professional football quarterbacks","volume":"11","author":"J. M. Kirsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002068","article-title":"Comparison of the technique of the football quarterback pass between high school and university athletes","volume":"32","author":"A. Toffan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2023.3276528","article-title":"Inertial sensors for human motion analysis: a comprehensive review","volume":"72","author":"S. Garc\u00eda-de-Villa","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.26603\/ijspt20201119","article-title":"The relationship of range of motion, hip shoulder separation, and pitching kinematics","volume":"15","author":"G. S. Bullock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381221078537","article-title":"The clinician\u2019s guide to baseball pitching biomechanics","volume":"15","author":"A. Z. Diffendaffer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3637","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173637","article-title":"A wide-range, wireless wearable inertial motion sensing system for capturing fast athletic biomechanics in overhead pitching","volume":"19","author":"M. Lapinski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ijspt.scholasticahq.com\/article\/142488-kinematic-sequencing-of-the-football-pass-using-inertial-motion-analysis","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T20:47:00Z","timestamp":1788382020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijspt.scholasticahq.com\/article\/142488-kinematic-sequencing-of-the-football-pass-using-inertial-motion-analysis"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26603\/001c.142488","relation":{},"ISSN":["2159-2896"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2159-2896","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]]}}}