{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:09:52Z","timestamp":1790176192868,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neuromuscular and kinematic peculiarities in the lower extremities between the sexes could influence the way the posterior kinetic chain interacts during exercises and sprinting, potentially altering hamstring strengthening exercise selection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"purpose\">\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study compared sex-differences in four exercises (the rocker, perpetuum mobile fast and slow [PMfast and PMslow] and the Nordic Hamstring exercise) on their potential to simulate sprint-like muscle activity and kinematics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Muscle activity of the posterior kinetic chain (biceps femoris [BFlh], semitendinosus [ST], gluteus maximus [GMax] and gastrocnemius medialis [GCM]) was measured with surface electromyography (sEMG) during each exercise and treadmill running at 75% of the individual maximal sprint velocity. sEMG data was normalized to maximal sprinting. 3D-motion capture was employed to assess hip and knee angles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight male and 12 female athletes were included (age: 22.4 years \u00b1 3.1; body mass: 61.0 kg \u00b1 7.1; height: 1.67 m \u00b1 0.07). Peak (MD: 31, p= 0.003, [95%CI: 14-48], SMD: 1.1) and average hamstring activity (MD: 16, p&lt; 0.001, [95%CI: 8-24], SMD: 1.4) was greater in females for every examined task. A sex and muscle interaction showed that females displayed significantly greater peak (MD: 39, p=0.002, [95%CI: 21-60], SMD: 1.3) and mean activity (MD: 20, p&lt; 0.001, [95%CI: 12-29], SMD: 1.5) for ST but not BFlh. Joint angles of peak muscle activity showed significantly greater hip angles during the PMfast in females (MD: 30\u00b0, p= 0.014, [95%CI: 15-46\u00b0], SMD: 2.1) and an overall significantly smaller knee flexion angle for the ST compared to the BFlh (MD: 7\u00b0, p= 0.02, [95%CI: 1-12\u00b0], SMD: 0.4). Neither hamstring elongation stress nor muscle selectivity showed significant sex differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"discussion\">\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aside from overall display of greater hamstring, specifically ST activity in all tasks for females, only minor kinematic and no synergist muscle sex-differences were found. Further research exploring sex-specific hamstring neuromuscular strategies is needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"level-of-evidence\">\n                    <jats:title>Level of evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3b<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.144583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T22:20:41Z","timestamp":1759270841000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex-Specific Muscle Activity and Kinematics of the Posterior Kinetic Chain Targeting Hamstring Strengthening Exercises and Sprinting: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.26603","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1352-1202","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adelso","family":"Jorge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02s6k3f65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Basel","department":["Department of Sport, Movement and Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3029-6004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02s6k3f65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Basel","department":["Department of Sport, Movement and Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994076","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.994076","article-title":"Sex-specific differences in biomechanics among runners: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"P.-P. Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S91","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200305001-00500","article-title":"Prospective biomechanical investigation of iliotibial band syndrome in competitive female runners","volume":"35","author":"R. Ferber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exer"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Sex differences in gluteal muscle forces during running","author":"C. N. Vannatta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports biomech"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2012.08.008","article-title":"Male and female gluteal muscle activity and lower extremity kinematics during running","volume":"27","author":"J. D. 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Guex","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-105407","article-title":"Hamstring injury rates have increased during recent seasons and now constitute 24% of all injuries in men's professional football: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study from 2001\/02 to 2021\/22","volume":"57","author":"J. Ekstrand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13437","article-title":"Late swing or early stance? A narrative review of hamstring injury mechanisms during high-speed running","volume":"29","author":"C. J. B. Kenneally-Dabrowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181f23fe8","article-title":"Hamstring musculotendon dynamics during stance and swing phases of high-speed running","volume":"43","author":"E. S. Chumanov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090176","article-title":"Hamstrings are most susceptible to injury during the late swing phase of sprinting","volume":"46","author":"E. S. Chumanov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.09.005","article-title":"Hamstring muscle kinematics and activation during overground sprinting","volume":"41","author":"B. 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Jorge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ijspt.scholasticahq.com\/article\/144583-sex-specific-muscle-activity-and-kinematics-of-the-posterior-kinetic-chain-targeting-hamstring-strengthening-exercises-and-sprinting-a-cross-sectiona","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:49:40Z","timestamp":1790174980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijspt.scholasticahq.com\/article\/144583-sex-specific-muscle-activity-and-kinematics-of-the-posterior-kinetic-chain-targeting-hamstring-strengthening-exercises-and-sprinting-a-cross-sectiona"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26603\/001c.144583","relation":{},"ISSN":["2159-2896"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2159-2896","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}}}