{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:23:15Z","timestamp":1785414195333,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"background\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous research on upper extremity range of motion has compared in-person to virtual measures for sagittal plane motions (flexion\/extension) showing good-excellent reliability. Since upper extremity evaluation includes motion in all planes, it is important to assess whether transverse plane motion (rotation, supination, pronation) can be reliably measured during a virtual assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"purpose\">\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the reliability (test\/re-test inter-rater and intra-rater) of goniometric measurements of shoulder internal rotation and forearm pronation\/supination obtained in-person and virtually.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"study-design\">\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observational cohort, Reliability study<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subjects 18-60 years of age with no upper extremity injuries were recruited for range of motion (ROM) testing in a standing position with measurements performed with a standard goniometer. Shoulder internal rotation was measured using the Hand-Behind-the-Back method and forearm pronation\/supination were measured with shoulder adducted to the body and elbow flexed. Before in-person measurements were obtained, a static image of end range was captured using a mobile device with a camera. Within 10 days of the in-person measurements, clinicians measured the range of motion on the static image using the same standard goniometric methods as the in-person measurements. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability were determined via intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimal detectable change (MDC) at the 90% and 95% confidence level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The inter-rater reliability (ICC\u22650.94) and intra-rater reliability (ICC\u22650.91) for all in-person and virtual measurements were classified as excellent (SEM: 0.79-1.74\u00b0, MDC90: 2.12-4.06\u00b0, MDC95: 2.20-4.82\u00b0). When combining the three examiners\u2019 measurements for each motion, there was a statistically significant difference between in-person and virtual internal rotation (77.5\u00b19.0\u00b0 vs.\u00a075.3\u00b19.0\u00b0, p=0.001). The only statistically significant difference found between examiners occurred for the in-person measurement of pronation (examiner 3: 3.9\u00b0 greater compared to examiner 1, p=0.044).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"conclusion\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Virtual assessment compared to in-person goniometric measurements showed excellent inter- and intra-rater reliabilities (ICC &gt;0.75). This suggests clinicians trained in goniometry can utilize this technique either in person or on a virtual platform.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Level of Evidence 3b<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.147174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T14:22:45Z","timestamp":1764598965000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reliability Analysis of In-person and Virtual Goniometric Measurements for Select Shoulder and Forearm Motions"],"prefix":"10.26603","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Autumn","family":"Whitson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012xks909","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Eastern Kentucky University","department":["Biological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012xks909","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Eastern Kentucky University","department":["Parks and Recreation Exercise and Sports Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Middleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012xks909","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Eastern Kentucky University","department":["Biological Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey","family":"Humphrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012xks909","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Eastern Kentucky University","department":["Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Sciascia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Outcomes and Research, Lexington Clinic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.81065","article-title":"Reliability analysis of in-person and virtual goniometric measurements of the upper extremity","volume":"18","author":"T. 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