{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T22:08:27Z","timestamp":1767218907625,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elbow joint injuries continue to increase in frequency in baseball at all levels. It is the most commonly injured joint in professional baseball and approximately 25% of all Major League Pitchers have had a ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) surgery and approximately 30% of Minor League pitchers. Injuries to the elbow joint are increasing in scholastic and youth baseball players too. Often the differential diagnosis between UCL injuries and flexor\/pronator tendinitis is difficult for the clinician. The purpose of this commentary is to describe the clinical thought process used to assist in making an accurate differential diagnosis between a UCL sprain and a flexor-pronator strain. The clinical examination description that follows is not meant to be comprehensive but instead will focus on the elements germane to differentiation between UCL and flexor-pronator issues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"level-of-evidence\">\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>5<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.147438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T22:03:38Z","timestamp":1767218618000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic Dilemma: Testing to Differentiate UCL Sprains From Flexor-Pronator Elbow Strains in the Overhead Athlete"],"prefix":"10.26603","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Kevin E.","family":"Wilk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Champion Sports Medicine","department":["Co-Founder, Associate Clinical Director"]},{"name":"Select Physical Therapy","department":["Vice President Clinical Education"]},{"name":"American Sports Medicine","department":["Director of Rehabilitative Research"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Arrigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Rehabilitation","department":["Founder & Clinical Director"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Gordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Champion Sports Medicine\/Select Physical Therapy","department":["Sports Physical Therapy Fellow"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Colberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrews Sports Medicine","department":["Primary Care & Sports Medicine Physician"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Dugas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrews Sports Medicine","department":["Orthopaedic Surgeon"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/RMR.0b013e3180421c9e","article-title":"Ligament and tendon injury to the elbow: clinical, surgical, and imaging features","volume":"17","author":"J. D. Saliman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Top Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520937302","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging of ulnar collateral ligament injury: a systematic review","volume":"48","author":"R. E. Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-022-09793-0","article-title":"The role of ultrasound in the evaluation of elbow medial ulnar collateral ligament injuries in throwing athletes","volume":"15","author":"B. J. Sutterer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515580792","article-title":"Prevalence of ulnar collateral ligament surgery in professional baseball players","volume":"43","author":"S. A. 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O'Driscoll","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2010.06.007","article-title":"Ulnar collateral ligament injury in the overhead athlete","volume":"29","author":"S. Hariri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659402200105","article-title":"Preoperative evaluation of the ulnar collateral ligament by magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography arthrography. Evaluation in 25 baseball players with surgical confirmation","volume":"22","author":"L. A. Timmerman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ijspt.scholasticahq.com\/article\/147438-diagnostic-dilemma-testing-to-differentiate-ucl-sprains-from-flexor-pronator-elbow-strains-in-the-overhead-athlete","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T22:03:38Z","timestamp":1767218618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijspt.scholasticahq.com\/article\/147438-diagnostic-dilemma-testing-to-differentiate-ucl-sprains-from-flexor-pronator-elbow-strains-in-the-overhead-athlete"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26603\/001c.147438","relation":{},"ISSN":["2159-2896"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2159-2896","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}}}