{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T19:09:04Z","timestamp":1783105744842,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Pan American Health Organization","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<sec>\n<title>Objectives.<\/title>\n<p>To determine the prevalence of kidney disease of unknown etiology in banana, melon, and tomato workers in north-eastern Guatemala, and to evaluate the usefulness of a cystatin C blood test for early detection of renal disease.<\/p>\n<\/sec>\n<sec>\n<title>Methods.<\/title>\n<p>This was a cross-sectional, farm-based study of 462 agricultural workers conducted from June to September 2021. Epidemiological and demographic characteristics of the workers were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Blood samples were obtained to determine glucose, creatinine and cystatin C levels. Anthropometric and clinical data were also recorded.<\/p>\n<\/sec>\n<sec>\n<title>Results.<\/title>\n<p>The prevalence of kidney disease of unknown etiology was 3.03% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.36\u20134.70%) based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR-EPI) &lt; 60 mL\/min\/1.73 m<sup>2<\/sup>, with a significantly higher prevalence in banana workers (5.67%; 95% CI: 2.16\u20139.18%) than melon workers (<italic>p<\/italic> = 0.009) and tomato workers (<italic>p<\/italic> = 0.044). Ten workers (2.16%) had reduced kidney function (GFR-EPI 60\u201390 mL\/min\/1.73 m<sup>2<\/sup>). The levels of cystatin C showed less variability (coefficient of variation 46.4%) than those of creatinine (coefficient of variation 67.0%), and cystatin C levels in cases with abnormal and reduced kidney function were significantly different from cases with normal kidney function (<italic>p<\/italic> &lt; 0.001).<\/p>\n<\/sec>\n<sec>\n<title>Conclusions.<\/title>\n<p>Surveillance of the health of active farm workers and improvement of working conditions, such as sun protection, adequate hydration, and sufficient breaks, are recommended. The significant differences in cystatin C levels between cases with abnormal and reduced kidney function and those with normal kidney function suggest that cystatin C could be a useful measure for early detection of renal disease.<\/p>\n<\/sec>","DOI":"10.26633\/rpsp.2023.84","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T14:05:31Z","timestamp":1685541931000},"page":"1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence of kidney disease of unknown etiology in agricultural workers, Guatemala"],"prefix":"10.26633","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Arroyo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala."},{"name":"gerarroyo@gmail.com"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"P\u00e9rez-Folgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Bail\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Acabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Coc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"D\u00edaz-Moscoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario de Oriente (CUNORI), Chiquimula, Guatemala."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Nave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11167","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. 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Nephrology (Carlton). 2016;21(7):608\u201316. doi: 10.1111\/nep.12646","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12646"}],"container-title":["Revista Panamericana de Salud P\u00fablica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iris.paho.org\/bitstream\/handle\/10665.2\/57548\/v47e842023.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T14:05:41Z","timestamp":1685541941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iris.paho.org\/handle\/10665.2\/57548"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["RPSP.2023.84"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26633\/rpsp.2023.84","relation":{},"ISSN":["1020-4989","1680-5348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1020-4989","type":"print"},{"value":"1680-5348","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}}}