{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:46:15Z","timestamp":1787841975596,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Pan American Health Organization","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"abstract":"<title>ABSTRACT<\/title>\n                  <sec>\n                    <title>Objective:<\/title>\n                    <p>To synthesize the existing literature on the etiologic mechanisms of anemia, challenges in anemia measurement, and diagnostic criteria among children in Peru<\/p>\n                  <\/sec>\n                  <sec>\n                    <title>Methods:<\/title>\n                    <p>The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews was followed. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature databases were searched for relevant studies published from 1990 to 2024. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted data from included publications. Etiologic proportions were pooled from heterogeneous studies. Data were analyzed from February 3 to August 1, 2025.<\/p>\n                  <\/sec>\n                  <sec>\n                    <title>Results:<\/title>\n                    <p>The scoping review included 55 studies comprising data on 4 688 221 children. Twenty studies focused on high-altitude populations and 35 on causal mechanisms of anemia, with some studies addressing both; 45 were cross-sectional (82%). Sample sizes ranged from small community studies (9 children) to large nationally representative studies (2 087 768 children). Eight studies did not report sample size. Five studies used existing databanks for spatial analyses or clustering methods to estimate anemia prevalence. Reported causes of anemia according to the findings of individual regional studies were: parasitic infections (53.0%), iron deficiency (14.0%), vitamin B-12 deficiency (13.0%), inflammation (8.0%), folate deficiency (0.2%), and unknown causes (36.0%), although estimates were not directly comparable across studies. Measurement approaches varied, with HemoCue portable hemoglobinometers used in 56.0% of studies. Use of altitude correction formulas was associated with an average increase of more than 30 percentage points in reported anemia prevalence.<\/p>\n                  <\/sec>\n                  <sec>\n                    <title>Conclusions:<\/title>\n                    <p>This scoping review found that anemia in Peruvian children is multifactorial, with regional studies identifying diverse etiologic mechanisms, most commonly parasitic infections and iron deficiency; nationally representative data are lacking. Variability in diagnostic methods, particularly in altitude adjustment, and limited comparability may complicate prevalence estimates. Standardized and validated approaches to anemia assessment are urgently needed to support context-specific interventions and effectively address the childhood anemia burden in Peru.<\/p>\n                  <\/sec>","DOI":"10.26633\/rpsp.2026.58","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T13:49:38Z","timestamp":1784036978000},"page":"1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anemia crisis among children in Peru: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.26633","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Kenia","family":"Lobo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America."},{"name":"kloboar@emory.edu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinthya","family":"V\u00e1squez-Vel\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parminder S.","family":"Suchdev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa F.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine Library, Atlanta, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Cyrus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Lake Nona, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Beguiristain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Lake Nona, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clayton","family":"Swords","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lavari","family":"Sarah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yogi","family":"Parmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo F.","family":"Gonzales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris A.","family":"Rees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11167","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez LI, Valera E, Villalobos M, Tous M, Arija V. 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Rev Patol Trop. 2016;45(3):305-16. doi:10.5216\/rpt.v45i3.43504","DOI":"10.5216\/rpt.v45i3.43504"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choque-Quispe BM, V\u00e1squez-Vel\u00e1squez C, Gonzales GF. Evaluation of dietary composition between hemoglobin categories, total body iron content and adherence to multi-micronutrients in preschooler residents of the highlands of Puno, Peru. BMC Nutr. 2024;10(1):28. doi:10.1186\/s40795-024-00837-x","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-024-00837-x"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choque-Quispe BM, Alarc\u00f3n-Yaquetto DE, Paredes-Ugarte W, Zaira A, Ochoa A, Gonzales GF. Is the prevalence of anemia in children living at high altitudes real? An observational study in Peru. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2020;1473(1):35-47. doi:10.1111\/nyas.14356","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14356"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Namaste SM, Rohner F, Huang J, Bhushan NL, Flores-Ayala R, Kupka R, et al. 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