{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:36:06Z","timestamp":1785429366593,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Istanbul University","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["eor"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">PurposeNickel\u2013titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments are widely used for root canal preparation (RCP) but remain prone to fracture partly due to surface defects. Glide path preparation (GPP) may reduce stress and fatigue, improving procedural safety. This study evaluated the effects of manual and mechanical GPP on surface defects compared with no GPP.Materials and MethodsEndodontic access cavities were prepared in sixty extracted mandibular molars. The teeth were randomly assigned to each of the following groups (n = 20). Group 1: GPP with a #13.02 rotary glide path file (C Path File, Fanta Dental, Guangdong, China), Group 2: GPP manually with a #10.02 stainless steel K-File (EndoArt K Files, \u0130nci Dental, T\u00fcrkiye), Group 3 (Control): No GPP. Mesibuccal canal of each tooth was shaped with an unused 10.04 NiTi rotary file (Smart Gold, \u0130nci Dental, T\u00fcrkiye) which was sterilized and imaged with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after RCP. The images were compared in terms of flute disruption, microcracks, tip deformation, blade distortion, surface pitting, as well as fractures by using the Fisher\u2013Freeman\u2013Halton test and Pearson\u2019s Chi-square test, with the level of significance set at 5% (\u03b1 = 0.05) for all analyses.ResultsTip deformation was the most frequent baseline defect, with no significant intergroup difference (p&gt;0.05). After RCP, microcracks were more common in the no GPP group (p=0.031). Significant differences were observed in blade distortion (p&lt;0.001), surface pitting (p=0.005), and fracture formation (p=0.002). Both manual and mechanical GPP significantlyConclusionBoth manual and mechanical GPP significantly reduced surface defects on NiTi rotary instruments compared with no GPP. No significant difference was found between the manual and mechanical techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.26650\/eor.20261778084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T12:06:00Z","timestamp":1783339560000},"page":"311-318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26650\/iucrossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of manual and mechanical glide path preparation on surface defects of nickel-titanium rotary instruments"],"prefix":"10.26650","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2735-156X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Merve","family":"G\u00f6kyar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02kswqa67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/0000000106688422","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Marmara \u00dcniversitesi","place":["\u0130stanbul T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0838-4355","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"\u0130dil","family":"\u00d6zden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02kswqa67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/0000000106688422","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Marmara \u00dcniversitesi","place":["\u0130stanbul T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9515-5288","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ecem","family":"Azgari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02kswqa67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":"https:\/\/www.isni.org\/0000000106688422","id-type":"ISNI","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Marmara \u00dcniversitesi","place":["\u0130stanbul T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11192","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1748454","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park S K, Kim Y J, Shon W J, You S Y, Moon Y M, Kim H C, Lee W. Clinical efficiency and reusability of the reciprocating nickel-titanium instruments according to the root canal anatomy. Scanning. 2014; 36: 246-251 [CrossRef ]","DOI":"10.1002\/sca.21096","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"1748455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Top\u00e7uo\u011flu H S, Top\u00e7uo\u011flu G, Kafda\u011f \u00d6, Arslan H. Cyclic fatigue resistance of new reciprocating glide path files in 45-and 60-degree curved canals. Int Endod J. 2018; 51: 1053-1058 [CrossRef ]","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12915","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"1748456","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y\u0131lmaz K, Uslu G, G\u00fcndo\u011far M, \u00d6zy\u00fcrek T, Grande N M, Plotino G. Cyclic fatigue resistances of several nickeltitanium glide path rotary and reciprocating instruments at body temperature. Int Endod J. 2018; 51: 924- 930 [CrossRef ]","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12901","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"1748457","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plotino Gianluca, Nagendrababu Venkateshbabu, Bukiet Frederic, Grande Nicola M, Veettil Sajesh K, De- Deus Gustavo, Aly Ahmed Hany Mohamed. Influence of Negotiation, Glide Path, and Preflaring Procedures on Root Canal Shaping\u2014Terminology, Basic Concepts, and a Systematic Review. Journal of Endodontics. 2020; 46(6): 707-729 [CrossRef ]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2020.01.023","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"1748458","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berutti Elio, Cantatore Giuseppe, Castellucci Arnaldo, Chiandussi Giorgio, Pera Francesco, Migliaretti Giuseppe, Pasqualini Damiano. Use of Nickel-Titanium Rotary PathFile to Create the Glide Path: Comparison With Manual Preflaring in Simulated Root Canals. Journal of Endodontics. 2009; 35(3): 408-412 [CrossRef ]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2008.11.021","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"1748459","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berutti E, Negro A R, Lendini M, Pasqualini D. Influence of manual preflaring and torque on the failure rate of Pro- Taper rotary instruments. J Endod. 2004; 30: 228-230 [CrossRef ]","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200404000-00011","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"1748460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lup V M, Malvicini G, Gaeta C, Grandini S, Ciavoi G. Glide path in endodontics: A literature review of current knowledge. Dent J. 2024; 12(8): 257 [CrossRef ]","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12080257","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"1748461","unstructured":"Jonker C H, Van Der Vyver P J, De Wet FA, F A. The influence of glide path preparation on the failure rate of WaveOne reciprocating instruments. S Afr Dent J. 2014; 69(6): 266-269","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"1748462","unstructured":"Ha J H, Park S S. Influence of glide path on the screw-in effect and torque of nickel-titanium rotary files in simulated resin root canals. Restor Dent Endod. 2012; 37: 215-219 [CrossRef ]","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"1748463","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel D, Bashetty K, Srirekha A, Archana S, Savitha B, Vijay R. Scanning electron microscopic evaluation of the influence of manual and mechanical glide path on the surface of nickel-titanium rotary instruments in moderately curved root canals: an in vivo study. J Conserv Dent. 2016; 19(6): 549-554 [CrossRef ]","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-0707.194035","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"1748464","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider S W. A comparison of canal preparations in straight and curved root canals. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral. Pathol. 1971; 32(2): 271-275 [CrossRef ]","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(71)90230-1","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"1748465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De-Deus G, Cardoso M L, Belladonna F G, Cavalcante D M, Simoes-Carvalho M, Souza E M. Performance of Reciproc Blue R25 instruments in shaping the canal space without glide path. J Endod. 2019; 45: 194-198 [CrossRef ]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2018.10.011","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"1748466","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyaw MS, Ebihara A, Kasuga Y, Maki K, Kimura S, Htun PH, Nakatsukasa T, Okiji T. Influence of rotational speed on torque\/force generation and shaping ability during root canal instrumentation of extracted teeth with continuous rotation and optimum torque reverse motion. Int Endod J. 2021; 54: 1614-1622 [CrossRef ]","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13485","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"1748467","unstructured":"De-Deus G, Cardoso ML, Sim\u00f5es-Carvalho M, Silva EJNL, Belladonna FG, Cavalcante DM, Oliveira DDS, Souza EM, Lopes RT, Versiani MA. Glide path with reciprocating driven pathfinding instrument: performance and fracture rate. J Endod. 2021; 47(1): 100-104 [CrossRef ]","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"1748468","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozden I, Durmazpinar P M. Sazak Ovecoglu H. Scanning electron microscopic evaluation of surface defects of Remover retreatment file after single and multiple uses. J Vis Exp. 2024; 2024(212): e67329 [CrossRef ]","DOI":"10.3791\/67329","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"1748469","unstructured":"Sivarajan Alex A, Venkatesh R K. Comparative evaluation of surface roughness of different rotary nickeltitanium files after autoclaving: An atomic force microscopic study. Cureus. 2024; 16(8): e66054 [CrossRef ]","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"1748470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y\u0131lmaz K, Uslu G, \u00d6zy\u00fcrek T. Effect of multiple autoclave cycles on the surface roughness of HyFlex CM and HyFlex EDM files: an atomic force microscopy study. Clin Oral Investig. 2018; 22(9): 2975-2980 [CrossRef ]","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2382-5","type":"journal-article"}],"container-title":["European Oral Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T12:06:36Z","timestamp":1783339596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iupress.istanbul.edu.tr\/en\/journal\/eor\/article\/impact-of-manual-and-mechanical-glide-path-preparation-on-surface-defects-of-nickel-titanium-rotary-instruments"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26650\/eor.20261778084","relation":{},"ISSN":["2651-2823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2651-2823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"1748443"}}