{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T12:36:55Z","timestamp":1777207015113,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (WHO\/EMRO)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["East Mediterr Health J."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: A national antimicrobial consumption reporting system has been established in Tunisia, however, regional, hospital and departmental  data on consumption remain limited.\nAim: To assess annual antibiotic consumption trends in Tunisia\u2019s university teaching hospitals from 2018 to 2022.\nMethods: We analysed data on antibiotic consumption for 2018 to 2022 by patients aged  \u226518 years admitted into 5 university teaching hospitals in Tunisia, based on the WHO defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day and the access, watch and reserve classification. We assessed the differences between year, region, specialty and antibiotic classifications using the Friedman test. P \u2264 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\nResults: There was no significant difference in antibiotic consumption between the 5 hospitals over the 5-year period (P = 0.455). However, there were consistent significant differences between hospitals in the different regions and between antibiotic categories. There were significant differences in antibiotic consumption between the different hospital departments. The highest consumption was observed in the intensive care units (increasing from 154.2 defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day in 2018 to 174.9 in 2022), which also had the highest increase in the consumption of reserve antibiotics (12.6% in 2018 to 16.7% in 2022).\nConclusion: The relatively stable antibiotic consumption observed in our study does not imply appropriate use. There is a need for robust antibiotic use surveillance systems in Tunisian hospitals, especially in intensive care units, alongside targeted interventions to effectively address antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.26719\/2026.32.4.188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T11:47:02Z","timestamp":1777204022000},"page":"188-196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Five-year analysis of antibiotic consumption at university teaching hospitals in Tunisia"],"prefix":"10.26719","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Asma","family":"Mhiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Diseases and Biologically Active Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manel","family":"Turki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youssef","family":"Zanina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Himanshu A.","family":"Gupte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Narotam Sekhsaria Foundation, Mumbai, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Garry","family":"Aslanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Collins","family":"Timire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abubaker","family":"Suliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hela","family":"Ghali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine, Ibn El Jazzar of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samiha","family":"Toumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Agency for Medicines and Health Products, Ministry of Health, Tunis, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Jarraya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aimen","family":"Abbassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khouloud","family":"Ben Jeddou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Balsam","family":"Kacem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taoufik","family":"Borji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Center, Ministry of Health, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Houyem","family":"Laatiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine, Ibn El Jazzar of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myriam","family":"Khrouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Department, Ministry of Health, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abderrazek","family":"Hedhili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Agency for Medicines and Health Products, Ministry of Health, Tunis, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11263","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"container-title":["Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/applications.emro.who.int\/EMHJ\/V32\/04\/1020-3397-2026-3204-188-196-eng.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T11:47:02Z","timestamp":1777204022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/applications.emro.who.int\/EMHJ\/V32\/04\/1020-3397-2026-3204-188-196-eng.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26719\/2026.32.4.188","relation":{},"ISSN":["1020-3397","1687-1634"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1020-3397","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-1634","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]}}}