{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T06:16:30Z","timestamp":1783145790979,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Kurume Medical Journal","issue":"1.2.3.4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Kurume Med. J."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"DOI":"10.2739\/kurumemedj.ms721234016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T22:10:28Z","timestamp":1780611028000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Autoimmune Hepatitis in Transition: Advances in Diagnosis, Management, and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.2739","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"TERUKO","family":"ARINAGA-HINO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Technology, Kurume University School of Medicine"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TAKUMI","family":"KAWAGUCHI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1445","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. Mackay IR, Weiden S, and Hasker J. Autoimmune hepatitis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1965; 124:767-780.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1965.tb19000.x"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Monna T, Kuroki T, and Yamamoto S. Autoimmune hepatitis: The present status in Japan. Gastroenterol Jpn 1985; 20:260-272.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02774713"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Onji M, Nonaka T, Horiike N, Moriwaki H, Muto Y et al. Present status of autoimmune hepatitis in Japan. Gastroenterol Jpn 1993; 28(Suppl 4):134-138.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02782906"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Toda G, Zeniya M, Watanabe F, Imawari M, Kiyosawa K et al. Present status of autoimmune hepatitis in Japan--correlating the characteristics with international criteria in an area with a high rate of HCV infection. Japanese National Study Group of Autoimmune Hepatitis. J Hepatol 1997; 26:1207-1212.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80453-9"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Abe M, Mashiba T, Zeniya M, Yamamoto K, Onji M et al. Present status of autoimmune hepatitis in Japan: a nationwide survey. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:1136-1141.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-011-0421-y"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Takahashi A, Arinaga-Hino T, Ohira H, Torimura T, Zeniya M et al. Autoimmune hepatitis in Japan: trends in a nationwide survey. J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:631-640.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-016-1267-0"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Boberg KM, Aadland E, Jahnsen J, Raknerud N, Stiris M et al. Incidence and prevalence of primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis in a Norwegian population. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998; 33:99-103.","DOI":"10.1080\/00365529850166284"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Hurlburt KJ, McMahon BJ, Deubner H, Hsu-Trawinski B, Williams JL et al. Prevalence of autoimmune liver disease in Alaska Natives. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97:2402-2407.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.06019.x"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Primo J, Merino C, Fern\u00e1ndez J, Mol\u00e9s JR, Llorca P et al. Incidence and prevalence of autoimmune hepatitis in the area of the Hospital de Sagunto (Spain). Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 27:239-243.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0210-5705(03)70452-X"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Werner M, Prytz H, Ohlsson B, Almer S, Bj\u00f6rnsson E et al. Epidemiology and the initial presentation of autoimmune hepatitis in Sweden: A nationwide study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008; 43:1232-1240.","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520802130183"},{"key":"11","unstructured":"11. Danielsson B\u00c5, Marschall HU, Bergquist A, Rorsman F, Weiland O et al. Epidemiology and causes of death in a Swedish cohort of patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:1022-1028."},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Ngu JH, Bechly K, Chapman BA, Burt MJ, Barclay ML et al. Population-based epidemiology study of autoimmune hepatitis: Aa disease of older women? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25:1681-1686.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06384.x"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Lamba M, Ngu JH, and Stedman CAM. Trends in incidence of autoimmune liver diseases and increasing incidence of autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19:573-579.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.05.061"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. van Gerven NM, Verwer BJ, Witte BI, van Erpecum KJ, van Buuren HR et al. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of autoimmune hepatitis in the Netherlands. Scand J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:1245-1254.","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2014.946083"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Gr\u00f8nb\u00e6k L, Vilstrup H, and Jepsen P. Autoimmune hepatitis in Denmark: Incidence, prevalence, prognosis, and causes of death. A nationwide registry-based cohort study. J Hepatol 2014; 60:612-617.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.10.020"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Lee YM, Teo EK, Ng TM, Khor C, and Fock KM. Autoimmune hepatitis in Singapore: A rare syndrome affecting middle-aged women. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 16:1384-1389.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2001.02646.x"},{"key":"17","unstructured":"17. Jalihal A, Telisinghe PU, and Chong VH. Profiles of autoimmune hepatitis in Brunei Darussalam. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2009; 8:602-607."},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Kim BH, Choi HY, Ki M, Kim KA, Jang ES et al. Population-based prevalence, incidence, and disease burden of autoimmune hepatitis in South Korea. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182391.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182391"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Yoshizawa K, Joshita S, Matsumoto A, Umemura T, Tanaka E et al. Incidence and prevalence of autoimmune hepatitis in the Ueda area, Japan. Hepatol Res 2016; 46:878-883.","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12639"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Tanaka A, Mori M, Matsumoto K, Ohira H, Tazawa S et al. Increase trend in the prevalence and male-to-female ratio of primary biliary cholangitis, autoimmune hepatitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis in Japan. Hepatol Res 2019; 49:881-889.","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.13342"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Alvarez F, Berg PA, Bianchi FB, Bianchi L, Burroughs AK et al. International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group Report: review of criteria for diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 1999; 31:929-938.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80297-9"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"22. Hennes EM, Zeniya M, Czaja AJ, Par\u00e9s A, Dalekos GN et al. Simplified criteria for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 2008; 48:169-176.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22322"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Onji M, Zeniya M, Yamamoto K, and Tsubouchi H. Autoimmune hepatitis: Diagnosis and treatment guide in Japan, 2013. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:368-370.","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12300"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Ohira H, Takahashi A, Zeniya M, Abe M, Arinaga-Hino T et al. Clinical practice guidelines for autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatol Res 2022; 52:571-585.","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.13776"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Harrington C, Krishnan S, Mack CL, Cravedi P, Assis DN et al. Noninvasive biomarkers for the diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 2022; 76:1862-1879.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32591"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Matsumoto K, Miyake Y, Matsushita H, Ohnishi A, Ikeda F et al. Anti-programmed cell death-1 antibody as a new serological marker for type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29:110-115.","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12340"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Nishikawa H, Enomoto H, Iwata Y, Kishino K, Shimono Y et al. B-cell activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family and interferon-\u03b3-inducible protein-10 in autoimmune hepatitis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3194.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003194"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Arinaga-Hino T, Ide T, Akiba J, Suzuki H, Kuwahara R et al. Growth differentiation factor 15 as a novel diagnostic and therapeutic marker for autoimmune hepatitis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8759.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12762-9"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29. Takahashi A, Ohira H, Abe K, Miyake Y, Abe M et al. Rapid corticosteroid tapering: Important risk factor for type 1 autoimmune hepatitis relapse in Japan. Hepatol Res 2015; 45:638-644.","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12397"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30. Kakuta Y, Kawai Y, Okamoto D, Takagawa T, Ikeya K et al. NUDT15 codon 139 is the best pharmacogenetic marker for predicting thiopurine-induced severe adverse events in Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A multicenter study. J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:1065-1078.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-018-1486-7"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31. Santiago P, Schwartz I, Tamariz L, and Levy C. Systematic review with meta-analysis: mycophenolate mofetil as a second-line therapy for autoimmune hepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 49:830-839.","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15157"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32. Dalekos GN, Arvaniti P, Gatselis NK, Gabeta S, Samakidou A et al. Long-term results of mycophenolate mofetil vs. azathioprine use in individuals with autoimmune hepatitis. JHEP Reports 2022; 00601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2022.100601"},{"key":"33","unstructured":"33. Snijders RJALM, Stoelinga AEC, Gevers TJG, Pape S, Biewenga M et al. An open-label randomised-controlled trial of azathioprine vs. mycophenolate mofetil for the induction of remission in treatment-naive autoimmune hepatitis. J. Hepatol 2024, 80:576-585."},{"key":"34","unstructured":"34. Miura R, Matsumoto K, Miki A, Isono A, Aoyagi H et al. [Second-line therapy with mycophenolate mofetil in patients with autoimmune hepatitis who were intolerant or failed to respond to standard treatment] Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 2021; 118:318-326."},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"35. Yoshizawa K, Matsumoto A, Ichijo T, Umemura T, Joshita S et al. Long-term outcome of Japanese patients with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 2012; 56:668-676.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25658"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36. Hartl J, Ehlken H, Sebode M, Peiseler M, Krech T et al. Usefulness of biochemical remission and transient elastography in monitoring disease course in autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 2018; 68:754-763.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.11.020"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37. Takahashi A, Moriya K, Ohira H, Arinaga-Hino T, Zeniya M et al. Health-related quality of life in patients with autoimmune hepatitis: A questionnaire survey. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204772.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204772"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"38. Takahashi A, Abe M, Yasunaka T, Arinaga-Hino T, Abe K et al. Quality of life among patients with autoimmune hepatitis in remission: A comparative study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22764.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000022764"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39. Montano-Loza AJ, Carpenter HA, and Czaja AJ. Predictive factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103:1944-1951.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.01922.x"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"40. Yeoman AD, Al-Chalabi T, Karani JB, Quaglia A, Devlin J et al. Evaluation of risk factors in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in autoimmune hepatitis: Implications for follow-up and screening. Hepatology 2008; 48:863-870.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22432"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41. Wong RJ, Gish R, Frederick T, Bzowej N, and Frenette C. Development of hepatocellular carcinoma in autoimmune hepatitis patients: A case series. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:578-585.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1444-6"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"42. Hino-Arinaga T, Ide T, Kuromatsu R, Miyajima I, Ogata K et al. Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in Japanese patients with autoimmune hepatitis type 1. J Gastroenterol 2012; 47:569-576.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-011-0519-2"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"43. Migita K, Watanabe Y, Jiuchi Y, Nakamura Y, Saito A et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma and survival in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (Japanese National Hospital Organization-autoimmune hepatitis prospective study). Liver Int 2012; 32:837-844.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02734.x"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"44. Ohira H, Abe K, Takahashi A, Zeniya M, and Ichida T. Clinical features of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with autoimmune hepatitis in Japan. J Gastroenterol 2013; 48:109-114.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-012-0616-x"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"45. Colapietro F, Maisonneuve P, Lytvyak E, Beuers U, Verdonk RC et al. Incidence and predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 2024; 80:53-61.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.09.010"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"46. Werner M, Almer S, Prytz H, Lindgren S, Wallerstedt S et al. Hepatic and extrahepatic malignancies in autoimmune hepatitis. A long-term follow-up in 473 Swedish patients. J Hepatol 2009; 50:388-393.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.08.022"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"47. Ngu JH, Gearry RB, Frampton CM, and Stedman CA. Mortality and the risk of malignancy in autoimmune liver diseases: A population-based study in Canterbury, New Zealand. Hepatology 2012; 55:522-529.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24743"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"48. Arinaga-Hino T, Ide T, Miyajima I, Ogata K, Kuwahara R et al. Risk of malignancies in autoimmune hepatitis type 1 patients with a long-term follow-up in Japan. Hepatol Res 2018; 48:E222-E231.","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12973"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"49. Schulz L, Sebode M, Weidemann SA, and Lohse AW. Variant syndrome of primary biliary cholangitis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2018; 34-35:55-61.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2018.06.003"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"50. Freedman BL, Danford CJ, Patwardhan V, and Bonder A. Treatment of overlap syndromes in autoimmune liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:1449.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051449"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"51. Umetsu S, Notohara K, Nakazawa T, Tsunoda T, Sogo T et al. Long-term outcomes of pediatric-onset primary sclerosing cholangitis: A single-center experience in Japan. Hepatol Res 2019; 49:1386-1397.","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.13421"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"52. Ricciuto A, Kamath BM, Hirschfield GM, and Trivedi PJ. Primary sclerosing cholangitis and overlap features of autoimmune hepatitis: A coming of age or an ageist problem? J Hepatol 2023; 79:567-575.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.02.030"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"53. Warner S, Rajanayagam J, Russell E, Lloyd C, Ferguson J et al. Biliary disease progression in childhood onset autoimmune liver disease: A 30-year follow-up into adulthood. JHEP Rep 2023; 6:100901.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100901"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"54. Boberg KM, Chapman RW, Hirschfield GM, Lohse AW, Manns MP et al. Overlap syndromes: the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group (IAIHG) position statement on a controversial issue. J Hepatol 2011; 54:374-385.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.09.002"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"55. Nguyen HH, Fritzler MJ, and Swain MG. A review on biomarkers for the evaluation of autoimmune cholestatic liver diseases and their overlap syndromes. Front Mol Med 2022; 2:914505.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmmed.2022.914505"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"56. Gerussi A, Saldanha OL, Cazzaniga G, Verda D, Carrero ZI et al. Deep learning helps discriminate between autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis. JHEP Rep 2024; 7:101198.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"57. Kugiyama Y, Kawata K, Namisaki T, Umemura T, Komori A et al. [Clinical statement on the PBC-AIH overlap 2024 The Intractable Hepato-Biliary Disease Study Group was supported by the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan.] Kanzo 2025; 66:1-6.","DOI":"10.2957\/kanzo.66.1"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"58. Takahashi A, Arinaga-Hino T, Ohira H, Abe K, Torimura T et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. JGH Open 2018; 2:54-58.","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12046"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"59. Zachou K, Azariadis K, Lytvyak E, Snijders RJALM, Takahashi A et al. Treatment responses and outcomes in patients with autoimmune hepatitis and concomitant features of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100778.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100778"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"60. Sano T, Amano K, Ide T, Isoda H, Honma Y et al. Metabolic management after sustained virologic response in elderly patients with hepatitis C virus: A multicenter study. Hepatol Res 2024; 54:326-335.","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.13993"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"61. Wang X, Zhang L, and Dong B. Molecular mechanisms in MASLD\/MASH-related HCC. Hepatology 2024; 10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000786.","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000786"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"62. Phoolchund AGS and Khakoo SI. MASLD and the development of HCC: Pathogenesis and therapeutic challenges. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:259.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16020259"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"63. Vitellius C, Desjonqueres E, Lequoy M, Amaddeo G, Fouchard I et al. MASLD-related HCC: Multicenter study comparing patients with and without cirrhosis. JHEP Rep 2024; 6:101160.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101160"}],"container-title":["The Kurume Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/kurumemedj\/72\/1.2.3.4\/72_MS721234016\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T05:24:10Z","timestamp":1783142650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/kurumemedj\/72\/1.2.3.4\/72_MS721234016\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1.2.3.4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2739\/kurumemedj.ms721234016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-5679","1881-2090"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0023-5679","type":"print"},{"value":"1881-2090","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"article-number":"MS721234016"}}