{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T17:20:17Z","timestamp":1788542417309,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]],"date-time":"2010-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2561,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Reasons for performing study<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Previous reports of clostridial myonecrosis have either focused on individual case reports or have been small retrospective studies reporting very high mortality rates.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objectives<\/jats:italic>\n                    : The objective of this study was to describe the outcome of cases of clostridial myonecrosis submitted to 2 referral equine hospitals in the United States over a 15 year period.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    : A retrospective study of case material selected on the basis of positive\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. culture or the identification of\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. by specific fluorescent antibody testing from soft tissue wounds was performed at Cornell and Wisconsin.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    : 37 cases of clostridial myonecrosis were documented. Twenty\u2010seven horses survived, 8 were subjected to euthanasia and 2 died during treatment for an overall survival rate of 73%. Twenty\u2010five cases (68%) were associated with\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    alone, 6 cases (16%) with\n                    <jats:italic>Cl. septicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    alone, 4 cases with mixed clostridial infections (11%), 1 case with\n                    <jats:italic>Cl. sporogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 1 with an unspeciated\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. The highest survival rate of 81% was docum ented for those cases from which\n                    <jats:italic>Cl. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    alone was isolated. The most common antecedent condition prior to referral was colic. The myonecrotic lesion occurred within 6\u201372 h of a soft tissue injection in 34 cases but was associated with a wound or laceration in the remaining 3 cases. Of the 34 cases associated with recent injections, 24 were associated with i.m. injections in the cervical region, 4 in the\n                    <jats:italic>semimembranosus\/semitendinosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    region, 3 in the gluteal region, 2 with perivascular leakage of drugs administered into the jugular vein and 1 case developed simultaneously in the gluteal and neck region following injections at both sites.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Clostridial myonecrosis can occur following the i.m. or inadvertent perivascular administration of a wide variety of commonly administered drugs. It is most common in the neck musculature. Aggressive treatment can be associated with survival rates of up to 81% for cases due to\n                    <jats:italic>Cl. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    alone. Survival rates for other\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridial<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. tend to be lower.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Potential relevance<\/jats:italic>\n                    : A combination of high dose i.v. antibiotic therapy and surgical fenestration\/debridement is the best approach to cases of clostridial myonecrosis. With rapid diagnosis and therapeutic intervention, horses may have up to an 81% chance of survival.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2746\/042516403775467513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,12]],"date-time":"2007-04-12T19:03:27Z","timestamp":1176404607000},"page":"86-92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Clostridial myonecrosis in horses (37 cases 1985\u20132000)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"S. F.","family":"PEEK","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. D.","family":"SEMRAD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. 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