{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:00:39Z","timestamp":1789657239830,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]],"date-time":"2010-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1465,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Reasons for performing study<\/jats:italic>\n                    : The long\u2010 established conventional reference technique (CRT) for measuring respiratory mechanics in horses lacks sensitivity and there is a need for further refinement in new technology, such as the impulse oscillometry system (IOS).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objectives<\/jats:italic>\n                    : To evaluate the potential use of the IOS as a clinical respiratory function test and compare it to the current CRT in horses suffering from common upper and lower airway dysfunctions.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Six healthy horses were tested before and after induction of a unilateral nasal obstruction (UNO) or transient left laryngeal hemiplegia (LLH). Six heaves\u2010affected horses were tested in clinical remission and during a heaves crisis, before and after nebulisation of cumulative doses of a bronchodilator therapy (ipratropium bromide; IPB).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    : As opposed to the CRT, the IOS was able to detect partial upper airway obstruction (UAO) caused by UNO or LLH in resting horses, without differentiating both conditions. Upper airway obstruction caused an upward shift of resistance (R\n                    <jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) from 5 to 35 Hz without altering reactance (X\n                    <jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). As for the CRT, IOS respiratory parameters measured in heaves\u2010affected horses in crisis differed significantly from values measured during remission. The difference in frequency\u2010dependent behaviour of R\n                    <jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub>\n                    and X\n                    <jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub>\n                    allowed discrimination between upper and lower airway obstructions. Bronchodilator treatment induced significant dose\u2010dependent changes in X\n                    <jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub>\n                    at 5 and 10 Hz, from the first dose. Total pulmonary resistance (R\n                    <jats:sub>L<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and R\n                    <jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub>\n                    at 5 Hz were affected from the second dose and displayed similar sensitivity. Although post treatment R\n                    <jats:sub>L<\/jats:sub>\n                    values were comparable to remission, R\n                    <jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub>\n                    and X\n                    <jats:sub>rs<\/jats:sub>\n                    remained significantly different, characterising persistent peripheral obstruction.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n                    : The IOS was more sensitive than the CRT in detecting partial UAO in resting horses and persistent post treatment peripheral dysfunction in heaves\u2010affected horses. The IOS is a sensitive test that provides graded quantitative and qualitative information on disease\u2010induced respiratory dysfunctions as well as on treatment efficiency in horses.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Potential relevance<\/jats:italic>\n                    : The IOS could represent a practical and sensitive alternative respiratory function test for routine clinical investigations of common airway obstructive diseases and therapy in horses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2746\/042516406775374252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,12]],"date-time":"2007-04-12T19:03:27Z","timestamp":1176404607000},"page":"52-58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of equine respiratory mechanics by impulse oscillometry"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"VAN ERCK","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"VOTION","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"ART","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"LEKEUX","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1991.tb02731.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-0600(91)90011-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1997.tb01629.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1980.41.11.1756","article-title":"Esophageal and intrapleural pressures in the healthy conscious pony","volume":"41","author":"Derksen F.J.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. 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