{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:45:53Z","timestamp":1792428353238,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]],"date-time":"2010-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":796,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Reasons for performing study<\/jats:italic>\n                    : West Nile virus (WNV) infection is endemic and able to cause disease in naive hosts. It is necessary therefore to evaluate the safety of new vaccines.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objectives<\/jats:italic>\n                    : To establish: 1) the safety of a modified live\n                    <jats:italic>Flavivirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/West Nile virus (WN\u2010FV) chimera by administration of an overdose and testing for shed of vaccine virus and spread to uninoculated sentinel horses; 2) that this vaccine did not become pathogenic once passaged in horses; and 3) vaccine safety under field conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    : There were 3 protocols: 1) In the overdose\/shed and spread study, horses were vaccinated with a 100x immunogenicity overdose of WN\u2010FV chimera vaccine and housed with sentinel horses. 2) A reversion to virulence study, where horses were vaccinated with a 20x immunogenicity overdose of WN\u2010FV chimera vaccine. Horses in both studies were evaluated for abnormal health conditions and samples obtained to detect virus, seroconversion and dissemination into tissues. 3) In a field safety test 919 healthy horses of various ages, breeds and sex were used.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Vaccination did not result in site or systemic reactions in either experimental or field\u2010injected horses. There was no shed of vaccine virus, no detection of vaccine virus into tissue and no reversion to virulence with passage.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n                    : WN\u2010FV chimera vaccine is safe to use in horses with no evidence of ill effects from very high doses of vaccine. There was no evidence of reversion to virulence. In addition, administration of this vaccine to several hundred horses that may have been previously exposed to WNV or WNV vaccine resulted in no untoward reactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Potential relevance<\/jats:italic>\n                    : These studies establish that this live attenuated\n                    <jats:italic>Flavivirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    chimera is safe to use for immunoprophylaxis against WNV disease in horses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2746\/042516407x214473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,28]],"date-time":"2007-10-28T18:09:15Z","timestamp":1193594955000},"page":"486-490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Safety of an attenuated West Nile virus vaccine, live\n                    <i>Flavivirus<\/i>\n                    chimera in horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"M. T.","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. P. J.","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. W.","family":"Mellencamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. C.","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. K.","family":"Seino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. E.","family":"Beachboard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. P.","family":"Humphrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Anon(2003)Equine WNV Outlook for the United States.United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Available at:http:www.aphis.usda.govvsceahncahsnahmsequineindex.htm; Accessed 24th July 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Anon(2005)Center for Veterinary Biologics Notice no. 05\u201323.United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Available at:http:www.aphis.usda.govvscvbhtmlnotices.html; Accessed 15th June 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Anon(2006a)West Nile Virus \u2014 Statistics Surveillance and Control; 2005 West Nile Virus Activity in the United States.Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Available at:http:www.cdc.govncidoddvbidwestnilesurv&controlCaseCount05_detailed.htm; Accessed 24th July 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Anon(2006b)West Nile Virus in 2005 \u2014 States with an Equine Case(s).United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Available at:http:www.aphis.usda.govvsnahssequinewnvindex.htm; Accessed 24th July 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4914(01)02048-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.22.12497-12507.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.4.3095-3101.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.240"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.12.5477-5485.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02682.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.986","article-title":"Growth characteristics of Chimerivax\u2010Den vaccine virus in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from Thailand","volume":"75","author":"Higgs S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. 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