{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T17:54:22Z","timestamp":1767981262053,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]],"date-time":"2010-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":796,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Reasons for performing study<\/jats:italic>\n                    : West Nile virus (WNF) is a\n                    <jats:italic>Flavivirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    responsible for a life\u2010threatening neurological disease in man and horses. Development of improved vaccines against\n                    <jats:italic>Flavivirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections is therefore important.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objectives<\/jats:italic>\n                    : To establish that a single immunogenicity dose of live\n                    <jats:italic>Flavivirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    chimera (WN\u2010FV) vaccine protects horses from the disease and it induces a protective immune response, and to determine the duration of the protective immunity.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Clinical signs were compared between vaccinated (VACC) and control (CTRL) horses after an intrathecal WNV challenge given at 10 or 28 days, or 12 months post vaccination.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Challenge of horses in the immunogenicity study at Day 28 post vaccination resulted in severe clinical signs of WNV infection in 10\/10 control (CTRL) compared to 1\/20 vaccinated (VACC) horses (P&lt;0.01). None of the VACC horses developed viraemia and minimal histopathology was noted. Duration of immunity (DPI) was established at 12 months post vaccination. Eight of 10 CTRL exhibited severe clinical signs of infection compared to 1 of 9 VACC horses (P&lt;0.05). There was a significant reduction in the occurrence of viraemia and histopathology lesion in VACC horses relative to CTRL horses. Horses challenged at Day 10 post vaccination experienced moderate or severe clinical signs of WNV infection in 3\/3 CTRL compared to 5\/6 VACC horses (P&lt;0.05).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n                    : This novel WN\u2010FV chimera vaccine generates a protective immune response to WNV infection in horses that is demonstrated 10 days after a single vaccination and lasts for up to one year.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Potential relevance<\/jats:italic>\n                    : This is the first USDA licensed equine WNV vaccine to utilise a severe challenge model that produces the same WNV disease observed under field conditions to obtain a label claim for prevention of viraemia and aid in the prevention of WNV disease and encephalitis with a duration of immunity of 12 months.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2746\/042516407x217416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,28]],"date-time":"2007-10-28T18:09:15Z","timestamp":1193594955000},"page":"491-497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Efficacy, duration, and onset of immunogenicity of a West Nile virus vaccine, live\n                    <i>Flavivirus<\/i>\n                    chimera, in horses with a clinical disease challenge model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"M. T.","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. P. J.","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. W.","family":"Mellencamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. A.","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. K.","family":"Seino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. E.","family":"Beachboard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. P.","family":"Humphrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Anon(1999)Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories 4th edn United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Public Health Service\/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Institutes of Health. p 265 Available at:http:www.cdc.govodohsbiosftybmbl4bmbl4toc.htm; Accessed 16th September 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Anon(2002)Veterinary Services Memorandum No. 800.202.United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Center for Veterinary Biologics (CVB). Available at:http:www.aphis.usda.govvscvbhtmlvsmemos.html; Accessed 30th June 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.22.12497-12507.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Bowen R.A. Gordy P. Mellencamp M.andBaker D.(2004)Efficacy of a live attenuated chimeric West Nile virus vaccine in horses against clinical disease following challenge with virulent West Nile virus. In:Supplemental Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.Abstr\/Poster 2096."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0804.010239"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2004022"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1958.7.561"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.240"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.9.4040-4047.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"397","article-title":"Preliminary data regarding the subclinical exposure rate of horses to West Nile virus during the 2001 Florida enzootic","volume":"49","author":"Long M.T.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. 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