{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T18:23:26Z","timestamp":1782325406739,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]],"date-time":"2010-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":614,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Reason for performing study<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models provide the means to evaluate airflow in the upper airways without requiring\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    experiments.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Hypothesis<\/jats:italic>\n                    : The physiological conditions of a Thoroughbred racehorse's upper airway during exercise could be simulated.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Computed tomography scanned images of a 3\u2010year\u2010old intact male Thoroughbred racehorse cadaver were used to simulate\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    geometry. Airway pressure traces from a live Thoroughbred horse, during exercise was used to set the boundary condition. Fluid\u2010flow equations were solved for turbulent flow in the airway during inspiratory and expiratory phases. The wall pressure turbulent kinetic energy and velocity distributions were studied at different cross\u2010sections along the airway. This provided insight into the general flow pattern and helped identify regions susceptible to dynamic collapse.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    : The airflow velocity and static tracheal pressure were comparable to data of horses exercising on a high\u2010speed treadmill reported in recent literature. The cross\u2010sectional area of the fully dilated\n                    <jats:italic>rima glottidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was 7% greater than the trachea. During inspiration, the area of highest turbulence (i.e. kinetic energy) was in the larynx, the rostral aspect of the nasopharynx was subjected to the most negative wall pressure and the highest airflow velocity is more caudal on the ventral aspect of the nasopharynx (i.e. the soft palate). During exhalation, the area of highest turbulence was in the rostral and mid\u2010nasopharynx, the maximum positive pressure was observed at the caudal aspect of the soft palate and the highest airflow velocity at the front of the nasopharynx.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusions and clinical relevance<\/jats:italic>\n                    : In the equine upper airway collapsible area, the floor of the rostral aspect of the nasopharynx is subjected to the most significant collapsing pressure with high average turbulent kinetic during inhalation, which may lead to palatal instability and explain the high prevalence of dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) in racehorses. Maximal abduction of the arytenoid cartilage may not be needed for optimal performance, since the trachea cross\u2010sectional area is 7% smaller than the\n                    <jats:italic>rima glottidis.<\/jats:italic>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408x281216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]],"date-time":"2008-09-12T03:48:49Z","timestamp":1221191329000},"page":"272-279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Development of equine upper airway fluid mechanics model for Thoroughbred racehorses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"V.","family":"RAKESH","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. G.","family":"DUCHARME","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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