{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T14:48:24Z","timestamp":1793717304762,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]],"date-time":"2010-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":430,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Reason for performing study<\/jats:italic>\n                    : The necessary degree of arytenoid cartilage abduction (ACA) to restore airway patency at maximal exercise has not been determined.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objectives<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Use computational fluid dynamics modelling to measure the effects of different degrees of ACA on upper airway characteristics of horses during exercise.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Hypothesis<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Maximal ACA by laryngoplasty is necessary to restore normal peak airflow and pressure in Thoroughbred racehorses with laryngeal hemiplegia.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    : The upper airway was modeled with the left arytenoid in 3 different positions: maximal abduction; 88% cross\u2010sectional area of the\n                    <jats:italic>rima glottis;<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 75% cross\u2010sectional area of the\n                    <jats:italic>rima glottis.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The right arytenoid cartilage was maximally abducted. Two models were assumed:\n                    <jats:italic>Model 1<\/jats:italic>\n                    : no compensation of airway pressures; and\n                    <jats:italic>Model 2<\/jats:italic>\n                    : airway pressure compensation occurs to maintain peak airflow. The cross\u2010sectional pressure and velocity distributions for turbulent flow were studied at peak flow and at different positions along the airway.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Results: Model 1<\/jats:italic>\n                    : In the absence of a change in driving pressure, 12 and 25% reductions in cross\u2010sectional area of the larynx resulted in 4.11 and 5.65% reductions in peak airflow and 3.68 and 5.64% in tidal volume, respectively, with mild changes in wall pressure.\n                    <jats:italic>Model 2<\/jats:italic>\n                    : To maintain peak flow, a 6.27% increase in driving tracheal pressure was required to compensate for a cross\u2010sectional reduction of 12% and a 13.63% increase in driving tracheal pressure was needed for a cross\u2010sectional area reduction of 25%. This increase in negative driving pressure resulted in regions with low intraluminal and wall pressures, depending on the degree of airway diameter reduction.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Assuming no increase in driving pressure, the decrease in left ACA reduced airflow and tidal volume. With increasing driving pressure, a decrease in left ACA changed the wall pressure profile, subjecting the submaximally abducted arytenoid cartilage and adjacent areas to airway collapse.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Clinical relevance<\/jats:italic>\n                    : The surgical target of ACA resulting in 88% of maximal cross\u2010sectional area seems to be appropriate.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408x330329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]],"date-time":"2008-11-01T18:27:01Z","timestamp":1225564021000},"page":"629-635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Implications of different degrees of arytenoid cartilage abduction on equine upper airway characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"V.","family":"RAKESH","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. 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