{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:58:39Z","timestamp":1790110719012,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]],"date-time":"2010-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Reasons for performing study<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Marginal osteophytes represent a well known component of osteoarthritis in man and animals. Conversely, central subchondral osteophytes (COs), which are commonly present in human knees with osteoarthritis, have not been reported in horses.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objectives<\/jats:italic>\n                    : To describe and compare computed radiography (CR), single\u2010slice computed tomography (CT), 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and histological features of COs in equine metacarpophalangeal joints with macroscopic evidence of naturally\u2010occurring osteoarthritis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    : MRI sequences (sagittal spoiled gradient recalled echo [SPGR] with fat saturation, sagittal T2\u2010weighted fast spin echo with fat saturation [T2\u2010FS], dorsal and transverse T1\u2010weighted gradient\u2010recalled echo [GRE], and sagittal T2*\u2010weighted gradient echo with fast imaging employing steady state acquisition [FIESTA]), as well as transverse and reformatted sagittal CT, and 4 computed radiographic (CR) views of 20 paired metacarpophalangeal joints were acquired\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Following macroscopic evaluation, samples were harvested in predetermined sites of the metacarpal condyle for subsequent histology. The prevalence and detection level of COs was determined for each imaging modality.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Abnormalities consistent with COs were clearly depicted on MRI, using the SPGR sequence, in 7\/20 (35%) joints. They were identified as a focal hypointense protuberance from the subchondral plate into the cartilage, at the palmarodistal aspect (n = 7) and\/or at the very dorsal aspect (n = 2) of the metacarpal condyle. COs were visible but less obvious in 5 of the 7 joints using FIESTA and reformatted sagittal CT, and were not identifiable on T2\u2010FS, T1\u2010GRE or CR. Microscopically, they consisted of dense bone protruding into the calcified cartilage and disrupting the tidemarks, and they were consistently associated with overlying cartilage defects.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Subchondral osteophytes are a feature of osteoarthritis of equine metacarpophalangeal joints and they may be diagnosed using 1.5 Tesla MRI and CT.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Potential relevance<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Central subchondral osteophytes on MRI represent indirect evidence of cartilage damage in horses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2746\/042516409x448481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T02:18:17Z","timestamp":1259633897000},"page":"859-864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Imaging and histological features of central subchondral osteophytes in racehorses with metacarpophalangeal joint osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"OLIVE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.\u2010A.","family":"D'ANJOU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"GIRARD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"LAVERTY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. 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