{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T18:20:09Z","timestamp":1774549209575,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (ECDC)","issue":"47","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637798400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In Europe, HIV disproportionately affects men who have sex with men (MSM), people who inject drugs (PWID), prisoners, sex workers, and transgender people. Epidemiological data are primarily available from national HIV case surveillance systems that rarely capture information on sex work, gender identity or imprisonment. Surveillance of HIV prevalence in key populations often occurs as independent studies with no established mechanism for collating such information at the European level.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We assessed HIV prevalence in MSM, PWID, prisoners, sex workers, and transgender people in the 30 European Union\/European Economic Area countries and the United Kingdom.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed studies published during 2009\u201319, by searching PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. Data are presented in forest plots by country, as simple prevalence or pooled across multiple studies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Eighty-seven country- and population-specific studies were identified from 23 countries. The highest number of studies, and the largest variation in HIV prevalence, were identified for MSM, ranging from 2.4\u201329.0% (19 countries) and PWID, from 0.0\u201359.5% (13 countries). Prevalence ranged from 0.0\u201315.6% in prisoners (nine countries), 1.1\u20138.5% in sex workers (five countries) and was 10.9% in transgender people (one country). Individuals belonging to several key population groups had higher prevalence.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This review demonstrates that HIV prevalence is highly diverse across population groups and countries. People belonging to multiple key population groups are particularly vulnerable; however, more studies are needed, particularly for sex workers, transgender people and people with multiple risks.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.es.2021.26.47.2100044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T10:15:29Z","timestamp":1637921729000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.es.crp2020","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["HIV seroprevalence in five key populations in Europe: a systematic literature review, 2009 to 2019"],"prefix":"10.2807","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9576-7487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annemarie Rinder","family":"Stengaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections (CHIP), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Combs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections (CHIP), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0399-1957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginie","family":"Supervie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d\u2019Epid\u00e9miologie et de Sant\u00e9 Publique, Paris, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2220-623X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Croxford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent consultant, London, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Sarika","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent consultant, London, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7532-9562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann K","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of HIV and Sexual Health, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Stine Finne","family":"Jakobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections (CHIP), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8769-2649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quenia","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections (CHIP), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7799-9631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Ativistas em Tratamentos (GAT), Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit\u2013Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, n\u00b0 135, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4816-5536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Casabona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centre d'Estudis Epidemiol\u00f2gics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissi\u00f3 Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9618-2299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey V","family":"Lazarus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Cl\u00ednic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5895-7935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John B F","family":"de Wit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Frank M","family":"Amort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FH JOANNEUM, University of Applied Sciences, Bad Gleichenberg, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7196-657X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Pharris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6309-468X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Nerlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Dorthe","family":"Raben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections (CHIP), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}]}],"member":"7995","reference":[{"key":"r1","unstructured":"European Centre for 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