{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T02:46:51Z","timestamp":1775789211854,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (ECDC)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rat hepatitis E virus (ratHEV) is an emerging virus causing acute and chronic hepatitis in humans. Rats are the main natural reservoir of this pathogen. Large-scale studies assessing ratHEV circulation in rodents in Spain are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We aimed to determine the prevalence of ratHEV in rats in Spain and evaluate potential transmission risk to humans.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We designed a cross-sectional nationwide study where black (<jats:italic>Rattus rattus<\/jats:italic>) and Norway (<jats:italic>R. norvegicus<\/jats:italic>) rats were collected and analysed between 2022 and 2023 for ratHEV infection using real-time (RT)-qPCR testing of liver tissue. Sequencing and analysis of ratHEV shedding in faeces were carried out in positive animals.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>RatHEV was detected in 125 of the 481 rats analysed, supposing a prevalence of 26.0% (95 CI%: 22.3\u201330.1). Positive rats were found in urban (25.6%), and farm (29.8%) settings. Black rats (31.3%) had 1.5 times higher odds of being infected by the virus than Norway rats (22.5%) (p\u00a0=\u00a00.049). Significantly higher prevalence of ratHEV was detected in rodents sampled from southern (31.9%) than northern (17.8%) Spain (p\u00a0=\u00a00.003). Viral RNA was detected in faeces from 45.5% of infected rats. Phylogenetic analysis evidenced a wide genetic diversity of ratHEV sequences, some showing high homology with ratHEV strains found in patients from Spain.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Circulation of ratHEV appears to be heterogeneous and the virus appears to be endemic among rat populations in Spain, highlighting the possible risk of zoonotic transmission of this emerging virus in this country.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.es.2025.30.12.2400473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T10:16:26Z","timestamp":1743156986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.es.crp2020","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["National survey of the rat hepatitis E virus in rodents in Spain, 2022 to 2023"],"prefix":"10.2807","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6241-3439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Caballero-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERINFEC, ISCIII\u2014CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo de Virolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Zoonosis, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maim\u00f3nides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sof\u00eda, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Fajardo-Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"R\u00edos-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Virolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Zoonosis, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maim\u00f3nides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sof\u00eda, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9608-0022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Beato-Ben\u00edtez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Casares-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBERINFEC, ISCIII\u2014CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo de Virolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Zoonosis, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maim\u00f3nides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sof\u00eda, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3388-2604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Garc\u00eda-Bocanegra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Cuadrado-Mat\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) group, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos IREC (CSIC\u2014UCLM\u2014JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4990-8338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Mart\u00ed-Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de An\u00e1lisis, Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioparc Valencia, Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5908-9447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remigio","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Eva Mart\u00ednez","family":"Nevado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Department, Madrid-Zoo Aquarium, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Ruiz-Fons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) group, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos IREC (CSIC\u2014UCLM\u2014JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERINFEC, ISCIII\u2014CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Rodrigo","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS \u2013 School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00e0rius","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Corona-Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBERINFEC, ISCIII\u2014CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo de Virolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Zoonosis, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maim\u00f3nides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sof\u00eda, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0423-3189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mois\u00e9s","family":"Gonz\u00e1lvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional \u201cCampus Mare Nostrum\u201d, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2490-6336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Lizana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de An\u00e1lisis, Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rio Safari Elche, Alicante, Spain"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Foronda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud P\u00fablica de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain"},{"name":"Department Obstetricia y Ginecolog\u00eda, Pediatr\u00eda, Medicina Preventiva y Salud P\u00fablica, Toxicolog\u00eda, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitolog\u00eda, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain"}]},{"given":"Dietmar","family":"Crailsheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Fundaci\u00f3 Mona, Girona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5813-6889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Rivero-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBERINFEC, ISCIII\u2014CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo de Virolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Zoonosis, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maim\u00f3nides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sof\u00eda, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8643-4250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Rivero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBERINFEC, ISCIII\u2014CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo de Virolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Zoonosis, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maim\u00f3nides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sof\u00eda, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]}],"member":"7995","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11122996","article-title":"Rocahepevirus ratti as an emerging cause of acute hepatitis worldwide.","volume":"11","author":"Benavent","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"2","key":"r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab919","article-title":"Hepatitis E virus species C infection in humans, Hong Kong.","volume":"75","author":"Sridhar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.01.028","article-title":"Orthohepevirus C infection as an emerging cause of acute hepatitis in Spain: First report in Europe.","volume":"77","author":"Rivero-Juarez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.3390\/v12101148","article-title":"Review of hepatitis E virus in rats: evident risk of species Orthohepevirus C to human zoonotic infection and disease.","volume":"12","author":"Reuter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"12","key":"r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2412.180937","article-title":"Rat hepatitis E virus as cause of persistent hepatitis after liver transplant.","volume":"24","author":"Sridhar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2024.105557","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and phylogeny of the emerging zoonotic virus Rocahepevirus: A global genetic analysis.","volume":"118","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168203","article-title":"Correlation of hepatitis E and rat hepatitis E viruses urban wastewater monitoring and clinical cases.","volume":"908","author":"Casares-Jimenez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2295389","article-title":"Rat hepatitis E virus (Rocahepevirus ratti) in people living with HIV.","volume":"13","author":"Casares-Jimenez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114125","article-title":"Acute hepatitis in children due to rat hepatitis E virus.","volume":"273","author":"Caballero-G\u00f3mez","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.02.008","article-title":"Orthohepevirus C hepatitis, an underdiagnosed disease?","volume":"79","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2396865","article-title":"Serological and molecular survey of rat hepatitis E virus (Rocahepevirus ratti) in drug users.","volume":"13","author":"Casares-Jimenez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"r12","unstructured":"Thrusfield MV. 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J"},{"issue":"6","key":"r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12581","article-title":"First detection of Hepatitis E virus (Orthohepevirus C) in wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Great Britain.","volume":"66","author":"Murphy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3004.231629","article-title":"Detection of rat hepatitis E virus in pigs, Spain, 2023.","volume":"30","author":"Rios-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02675-23","article-title":"Surveillance for rat hepatitis E in wastewater networks, Italy.","volume":"11","author":"Palombieri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.12.014","article-title":"Susceptibility of laboratory rats against genotypes 1, 3, 4, and rat hepatitis E viruses.","volume":"163","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"24","key":"r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02073","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02073-20","article-title":"Variations among viruses in influent water and effluent water at a wastewater plant over one year as assessed by quantitative PCR and metagenomics.","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814001137","article-title":"The relationship between socioeconomic indices and potentially zoonotic pathogens carried by wild Norway rats: a survey in Rh\u00f4ne, France (2010-2012).","volume":"143","author":"Ayral","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"9","key":"r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2909.230517","article-title":"Rat hepatitis E virus in Norway rats, Ontario, Canada, 2018-2021.","volume":"29","author":"Robinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165069","article-title":"Increased rat-borne zoonotic disease hazard in greener urban areas.","volume":"896","author":"de Cock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-013-0305-4","article-title":"The secret life of the city rat: a review of the ecology of urban Norway and black rats (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus).","volume":"17","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urban Ecosyst"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.03.017","article-title":"High prevalence of rat hepatitis E virus in wild rats in China.","volume":"165","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.027","article-title":"Rat hepatitis E virus as an aetiological agent of acute hepatitis of unknown origin.","author":"Caballero-G\u00f3mez","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Eurosurveillance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T10:17:35Z","timestamp":1743243455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.eurosurveillance.org\/content\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.12.2400473"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.es.2025.30.12.2400473","relation":{},"ISSN":["1560-7917"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1560-7917","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]}}}