{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T08:15:36Z","timestamp":1774944936296,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (ECDC)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The recast Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (UWWTD) calls for monitoring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in wastewater of large European agglomerations (\u2265\u2009100,000 person equivalents). Guidance on scope and methods is currently in development. Two European Joint Actions share a goal to harmonise procedures and indicators: the European Union (EU)-Wastewater Integrated Surveillance for Public Health (EU-WISH), aiming to strengthen wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) for public health and the EU-Joint Action Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections (EU-JAMRAI)\u20092, providing among others, approaches for environmental surveillance of AMR. An EU-WISH survey in 2024, mapping WBS AMR-related activities across Europe, revealed that of 27 countries surveyed, 11 had an operative AMR WBS system and mainly employed WBS to determine AMR trends, primarily through culture-based analyses, in-depth characterisation of specific bacteria, and quantitative PCR for specific resistance genes. Occasionally metagenomics was used. We argue that prioritising AMR WBS targets should consider the intended objectives of surveillance, which could include uncovering AMR trends and emerging AMR determinants in humans, the assessment of antimicrobial\/AMR environmental release, and wastewater treatment efficiency. Targets should be assessed for their public health relevance and the usefulness of complementary information they provide, while integrating measurability, resource efficiency, and expertise from different One Health domains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.es.2026.31.3.2500289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T10:15:46Z","timestamp":1769163346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.es.crp2020","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Integrating AMR surveillance into wastewater monitoring systems in 2025: a position on the implementation of Article 17 of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (UWWTD)"],"prefix":"10.2807","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3925-0333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"Hock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"These authors contributed equally to this work and share first\/last authorship."},{"name":"Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental and Industrial Biotechnologies Unit, Belvaux, Luxembourg"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9634-2106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roosmarijn","family":"Luiken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"These authors contributed equally to this work and share first\/last authorship."},{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8189-244X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete","family":"Val\u00e9rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6426-2056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Vargha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Laboratories and Methodology, National Center for Public Health and Pharmacy, Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9764-7534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Vierheilig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"TU Wien, Institute of Water Quality and Resource Management E226\/1, Vienna, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2219-2659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"B\u00f6rjesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Food Safety, \u00c5s, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7591-9148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarja","family":"Pitk\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"These authors contributed equally to this work and share first\/last authorship."},{"name":"University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Public Health, Kuopio, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0139-1934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heike","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"These authors contributed equally to this work and share first\/last authorship."},{"name":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"},{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"7995","reference":[{"issue":"10325","key":"r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis.","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00649-x","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in the environment.","volume":"20","author":"Larsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"r3","unstructured":"The European Parliament and the council of the European Union. Directive (EU) 2024\/3019 of the European parliament and of the council of 27 November 2024 concerning urban wastewater treatment (recast). Official Journal of the European Union. 12.12.2024.L 2024\/3019. Available from: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A32024L3019&qid=1762354065172"},{"key":"r4","unstructured":"European Commission. A European One Health Action Plan against AMR. Brussels: European Commission; 2017. Available from: https:\/\/health.ec.europa.eu\/system\/files\/2020-01\/amr_2017_action-plan_0.pdf"},{"key":"r5","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly. 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