{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:13:23Z","timestamp":1792512803542,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diving Hyperb Med"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Breath-hold (BH) diving has known risks, for example drowning, pulmonary oedema of immersion and barotrauma. There is also the risk of decompression illness (DCI) from decompression sickness (DCS) and\/or arterial gas embolism (AGE). The first report on DCS in repetitive freediving was published in 1958 and from then there have been multiple case reports and a few studies but no prior systematic review or meta-analysis. Methods: We undertook a systematic literature review to identify articles available from PubMed and Google Scholar concerning breath-hold diving and DCI up to August 2021. Results: The present study identified 17 articles (14 case reports, three experimental studies) covering 44 incidences of DCI following BH diving. Conclusions: This review found that the literature supports both DCS and AGE as potential mechanisms for DCI in BH divers; both should be considered a risk for this cohort of divers, just as for those breathing compressed gas while underwater.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.28920\/dhm53.1.31-41","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T21:20:11Z","timestamp":1679952011000},"page":"31-41","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The risk of decompression illness in breath-hold divers: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.28920","volume":"53","author":[{"name":"SLB Consulting, Newbiggin-on-Lune, Cumbria, UK","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S Lesley","family":"Blogg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frauke","family":"Tillmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Divers Alert Network, Durham, USA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Lindholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11463","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"container-title":["Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T21:20:16Z","timestamp":1679952016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.dhmjournal.com\/index.php\/journals?view=article&id=311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.28920\/dhm53.1.31-41","relation":{},"ISSN":["2209-1491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2209-1491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]}}}