{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:57:28Z","timestamp":1787025448875,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diving Hyperb Med"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Breath-hold divers occasionally surface with signs of fluid accumulation and\/or bleeding in air-filled spaces. This constellation of symptoms, recently termed \u2018freediving induced pulmonary syndrome\u2019, is thought to come from immersion pulmonary oedema and\/or barotrauma of descent and is colloquially termed a \u2018squeeze\u2019. There is limited understanding of the causes, diagnosis, management, and return to diving recommendations after a squeeze.\nMethods: We developed an online survey that queried breath-hold divers on the circumstances and management of individual squeeze events.\nResults: A total of 132 (94 M, 38 F) breath-hold divers filled out the survey. Most were recreational or competitive freedivers with mean age of 37 years old and nine years of experience. Of those, 129 (98%) held a certification in freediving from an accredited training agency. A total of 103 individuals reported 140 squeeze events from 2008\u20132023. The average depth at which a squeeze occurred was 43 m. The top contributors to lung squeezes were described as movement at depth, contractions, and inadequate warm-up. The most common symptoms of a squeeze were cough, sputum production, and fatigue. Divers were instructed to wait an average of two months before returning to diving after a squeeze. On average, divers were able to achieve the same depth of their squeeze event three months after the incident.\nConclusions: Inadequate warm-up, contractions, and abnormal movement at depth are the most reported causes for a squeeze. Most divers do not seek medical treatment after a lung squeeze event and can return to the same depth within three months.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.28920\/dhm54.4.281-286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T01:25:12Z","timestamp":1734398712000},"page":"281-286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Occurrence and resolution of freediving-induced pulmonary syndrome in breath-hold divers: an online survey of lung squeeze incidents"],"prefix":"10.28920","volume":"54","author":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant Z","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Divers Alert Network, Durham, North Carolina, USA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Patron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Divers Alert Network, Durham, North Carolina, USA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Coombs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Divers Alert Network, Durham, North Carolina, USA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Lindholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Diving, University of California, San Diego, California, USA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frauke","family":"Tillmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Divers Alert Network, Durham, North Carolina, USA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Diving, University of California, San Diego, California, USA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"11463","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1. 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