{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:51:59Z","timestamp":1790257919671,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":153,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EFS2","EFSA Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the risks to animal and human health and the environment related to the presence of nickel (Ni) in feed were assessed by the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel). The presence of Ni in feed can arise from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Additionally, certain feed materials contain metallic Ni, since it is used as a catalyst in their production. Based on the differences observed between the Ni exposure levels estimated for different animal species and identified no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) and lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs), the CONTAM Panel concluded that any adverse impact of Ni via feed to cattle, pigs, rabbits, ducks, fish, dogs, chickens, horses, sheep, goats and cats is unlikely. Concerning the assessment of human health risks from the presence of Ni in food of animal origin, the CONTAM Panel concluded that in the average population the current levels of chronic exposure to Ni, considering only foods of animal origin, might be of potential concern in the young population, in particular in \u201cToddlers\u2019. In the highly exposed population (95th percentile), the concern also extends to the age class \u2018Other children\u201d. Regarding acute dietary exposure, the CONTAM Panel concluded that Ni\u2010sensitized individuals are also at risk of developing eczematous flare\u2010up skin reactions through the consumption of food of animal origin. The contribution of food of animal origin to human dietary exposure to Ni should therefore not be underestimated, particularly in age classes with high dietary exposure to Ni. Release to the environment from manure, resulting from its presence in animal feed, is not a major contributor of Ni deposited onto agricultural soils or to the environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,23]],"date-time":"2016-05-23T19:49:49Z","timestamp":1464032989000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Scientific Opinion on the risks to animal and public health and the environment related to the presence of nickel in feed"],"prefix":"10.2903","volume":"13","author":[{"name":"EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM)","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4074_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851988511.0000","volume-title":"Energy and Protein Requirements of Ruminants","author":"Alderman","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4074_ref2","first-page":"425","volume-title":"Humic Substances, Peats and Sludges","author":"Wilson","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4074_ref3","first-page":"61","article-title":"Study on the level of heavy metal contamination in feed materials and compound feed for pigs and poultry in Bulgaria","volume":"5","author":"Alexieva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trakia Journal of Sciences"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4074_ref4","first-page":"192","article-title":"Monitoring of aflatoxins and heavy metals in some poultry feeds","volume":"4","author":"Alkhalafan","year":"2010","journal-title":"African Journal of Food Science"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4074_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02682650","article-title":"Principles and catalysts for hydrogenation of fats and oils","volume":"55","author":"Allen","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4074_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620160418","article-title":"Heavy metal accumulation in sediment and freshwater fish in U.S. Arctic lakes","volume":"16","author":"Allen\u2010Gil","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4074_ref7","first-page":"67","article-title":"Reproductive impacts and physiological adaptations of zebrafish to elevated dietary nickel","volume":"165","author":"Alsop","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4074_ref8","first-page":"181","article-title":"Long term toxicologic assessment of nickel in rats and dogs","volume":"13","author":"Ambrose","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Food Science and Technology, India"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4074_ref9","volume-title":"The Nutrient Requirements of Ruminant Livestock","author":"ARC (Agricultural Research Council)","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4074_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(49)92130-X","article-title":"Nickel in Cows' Milk","volume":"32","author":"Archibald","year":"1949","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4074_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1080\/03601230701623662","article-title":"Nickel induced alteration of hen body weight, egg production and egg quality after an experimental peroral administration","volume":"42","author":"Arpasova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4074_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.64.607","article-title":"Concentrations of toxic metals and essential minerals in the mane hair of healthy racing horses and their relation to age","volume":"64","author":"Asano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medical Science"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4074_ref13","unstructured":"ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) , 2005. 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