{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T14:06:31Z","timestamp":1776348391352,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":215,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]],"date-time":"2017-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EFS2","EFSA Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract In April and May of 2016, Norway confirmed two cases of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in a wild reindeer and a wild moose, respectively. In the light of this emerging issue, the European Commission requested EFSA to recommend surveillance activities and, if necessary, additional animal health risk\u2010based measures to prevent the introduction of the disease and the spread into\/within the EU, specifically Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland and Sweden, and considering seven wild, semidomesticated and farmed cervid species (Eurasian tundra reindeer, Finnish (Eurasian) forest reindeer, moose, roe deer, white\u2010tailed deer, red deer and fallow deer). It was also asked to assess any new evidence on possible public health risks related to CWD. A 3\u2010year surveillance system is proposed, differing for farmed and wild or semidomesticated cervids, with a two\u2010stage sampling programme at the farm\/geographically based population unit level (random sampling) and individual level (convenience sampling targeting high\u2010risk animals). The current derogations of Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2016\/1918 present a risk of introduction of CWD into the EU. Measures to prevent the spread of CWD within the EU are dependent upon the assumption that the disease is already present; this is currently unknown. The measures listed are intended to contain (limit the geographic extent of a focus) and\/or to control (actively stabilise\/reduce infection rates in an affected herd or population) the disease where it occurs. With regard to the zoonotic potential, the human species barrier for CWD prions does not appear to be absolute. These prions are present in the skeletal muscle and other edible tissues, so humans may consume infected material in enzootic areas. Epidemiological investigations carried out to date make no association between the occurrence of sporadic Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob disease in humans and exposure to CWD prions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,27]],"date-time":"2017-01-27T11:30:18Z","timestamp":1485516618000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Chronic wasting disease (CWD) in\u00a0cervids"],"prefix":"10.2903","volume":"15","author":[{"name":"EFSA Panel\u00a0on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ)","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Allende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Declan","family":"Bolton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Chemaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo Salvador","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez Esc\u00e1mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosina","family":"Giron\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lieve","family":"Herman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kostas","family":"Koutsoumanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Lindqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"N\u00f8rrung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moez","family":"Sanaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Skandamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Snary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niko","family":"Speybroeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benno","family":"Ter Kuile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Threlfall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helene","family":"Wahlstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Benestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dolores","family":"Gavier\u2010Widen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael W","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glenn C","family":"Telling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morten","family":"Tryland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Ortiz Pelaez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.3.439","article-title":"Colorado surveillance program for chronic wasting disease transmission to humans. Lessons from 2 highly suspicious but negative cases","volume":"64","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1122864","article-title":"Prions in skeletal muscles of deer with chronic wasting disease","volume":"311","author":"Angers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1505.081458","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease prions in elk antler velvet","volume":"15","author":"Angers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1187107","article-title":"Prion strain mutation determined by prion protein conformational compatibility and primary structure","volume":"328","author":"Angers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11169","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1404739111","article-title":"Structural effects of PrP polymorphisms on intra\u2010 and interspecies prion transmission","volume":"111","author":"Angers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref6","unstructured":"Anonymous , 2016. Ressursregnskap for reindriftsn\u00e6ringen (April 1, 2014 \u2010 March 31, 2015). Landbruksdirekoratet, Report 14."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-43.2.309","article-title":"A natural case of chronic wasting disease in a free\u2010ranging moose (Alces alces shirasi)","volume":"43","author":"Baeten","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15839","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015839","article-title":"Emergence of classical BSE strain properties during serial passages of H\u2010BSE in wild\u2010type mice","volume":"6","author":"Baron","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7490","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.198465","article-title":"Generation of a new form of human PrP(Sc) in\u00a0vitro by interspecies transmission from cervid prions","volume":"286","author":"Barria","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4161\/pri.28124","article-title":"Exploring the zoonotic potential of animal prion diseases: in\u00a0vivo and in\u00a0vitro approaches","volume":"8","author":"Barria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9427","article-title":"The host range of chronic wasting disease is altered on passage in ferrets","volume":"251","author":"Bartz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4161\/pri.27836","article-title":"The many shades of prion strain adaptation","volume":"8","author":"Baskakov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1006.031082","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease and potential transmission to humans","volume":"10","author":"Belay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.153.7.202","article-title":"Cases of scrapie with unusual features in Norway and designation of a new type, Nor98","volume":"153","author":"Benestad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0375-4","article-title":"First case of chronic wasting disease in Europe in a Norwegian free\u2010ranging reindeer","volume":"47","author":"Benestad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref16","first-page":"472","article-title":"Facilitated Cross\u2010Species Transmission of Prions in Extraneural Tissue","author":"B\u00e9ringue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science 335.6067 (2012)"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7859","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.12.7859-7868.1994","article-title":"Distinct PrP properties suggest the molecular basis of strain variation in transmissible mink encephalopathy","volume":"68","author":"Bessen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28026","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028026","article-title":"Transmission of chronic wasting disease identifies a prion strain causing cachexia and heart infection in hamsters","volume":"6","author":"Bessen","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref19","unstructured":"Bollinger T, Caley P, Merrill E, Messier F and Miller MW, 2004. Expert Scientific Panel\u00a0on Chronic Wasting Disease. Chronic wasting disease in Canadian wildlife: an expert opinion on the epidemiology and risks to wild deer. Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, 2004."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470344538","volume-title":"Mycobacterium Bovis Infection in Animals and Humans","author":"Thoen","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.136.17.444","article-title":"Feline spongiform encephalopathy in a cat in Norway","volume":"136","author":"Bratberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet Rec."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2003.10.022","article-title":"A processed pseudogene contributes to apparent mule deer prion gene heterogeneity","volume":"326","author":"Brayton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/10871200600669924","article-title":"Hunters\u2019 and Other Citizens\u2019 Reactions to Discovery of CWD in Central New York","volume":"11","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Human Dimensions of Wildlife"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13345","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.23.13345-13350.2004","article-title":"Transmission of prions from mule deer and Elk with chronic wasting disease to transgenic mice expressing cervid PrP","volume":"78","author":"Browning","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/39057","article-title":"Transmissions to mice indicate that \u2018new variant\u2019 CJD is caused by the BSE agent","volume":"389","author":"Bruce","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305777101","article-title":"Identification of a second bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy: molecular similarities with sporadic Creutzfeld\u2010Jakob disease","volume":"101","author":"Casalone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0284-9","article-title":"Emergence of two prion subtypes in ovine PrP transgenic mice infected with human MM2\u2010cortical Creutzfeldt\u2010Jakob disease prions","volume":"4","author":"Chapuis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica Communications"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2009.04.040","article-title":"Prion protein NMR structure from tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) shows that the beta2\u2010alpha2 loop is modulated by long\u2010range sequence effects","volume":"389","author":"Christen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Biology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1138718","article-title":"A general model of prion strains and their pathogenicity","volume":"318","author":"Collinge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11573","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11573","article-title":"Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period","volume":"5","author":"Comoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-36.4.691","article-title":"Detection of bias in harvest\u2010based estimates of chronic wasting disease prevalence in mule deer","volume":"36","author":"Conner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10427","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01586-15","article-title":"Host determinants of prion strain diversity independent of prion protein genotype","volume":"89","author":"Crowell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0116094","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116094","article-title":"Susceptibility of European red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus) to alimentary challenge with bovine spongiform encephalopathy","volume":"10","author":"Dagleish","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18345","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018345","article-title":"Presence and seeding activity of pathological prion protein (PrP TSE) in skeletal muscles of white\u2010tailed deer infected with chronic wasting disease","volume":"6","author":"Daus","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9524","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01439\u201015","article-title":"Insights into chronic wasting disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy species barriers by use of real\u2010time conversion","volume":"89","author":"Davenport","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref36","unstructured":"Defra , 2012. What is the risk of chronic wasting disease being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment. October 2012. Available online: http:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20140507133914\/http:\/www.defra.gov.uk\/animal-diseases\/files\/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref37","unstructured":"Defra , 2016. What is the risk of a cervid TSE being introduced from Norway into Great Britain? Qualitative Risk Assessment. September 2016. Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/557205\/qra-tse-reindeer-norway.pdf"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003219","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003219","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease in bank voles: characterisation of the shortest incubation time model for prion diseases","volume":"9","author":"Di Bari","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref39","first-page":"1185","article-title":"Retrospective investigation of chronic wasting disease of cervids at the Toronto Zoo, 1973\u20132003","volume":"47","author":"Dub\u00e9","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12362","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02010-15","article-title":"Deer prion proteins modulate the emergence and adaptation of chronic wasting disease strains","volume":"89","author":"Duque Velasquez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2004.70","article-title":"Opinion of the European Food Safety Authority on a surveillance programme for Chronic Wasting Disease in the European Union","volume":"2","author":"EFSA","year":"2004","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1861","article-title":"Scientific Opinion on the results of the EU survey for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in cervids","volume":"8","author":"EFSA BIOHAZ Panel","year":"2010","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.1945","article-title":"Joint Scientific Opinion on any possible epidemiological or molecular association between TSEs in animals and humans","volume":"9","author":"EFSA BIOHAZ Panel","year":"2011","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4197","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4197","article-title":"Scientific Opinion on a request for a review of a scientific publication concerning the zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions","volume":"13","author":"EFSA BIOHAZ Panel","year":"2015","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80203","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080203","article-title":"In vitro detection of prionemia in TSE\u2010infected cervids and hamsters","volume":"8","author":"Elder","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1508.081218","article-title":"Transgenic mice expressing porcine prion protein resistant to classical scrapie but susceptible to sheep bovine spongiform encephalopathy and atypical scrapie","volume":"15","author":"Espinosa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-4-19","article-title":"A descriptive study of the prevalence of atypical and classical scrapie in sheep in 20 European countries","volume":"4","author":"Fediaevsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-6-9","article-title":"The prevalence of atypical scrapie in sheep from positive flocks is not higher than in the general sheep population in 11 European countries","volume":"6","author":"Fediaevsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"Pt. 11","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81999-0","article-title":"Patterns of PrPCWD accumulation during the course of chronic wasting disease infection in orally inoculated mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)","volume":"87","author":"Fox","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of general virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(97)00303-3","article-title":"`Mysterious\u2019 moose disease in Sweden. Similarities to copper deficiency and\/or molybdenosis in cattle and sheep. Biochemical background of clinical signs and organ lesions","volume":"209","author":"Frank","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:102:1-3:143","article-title":"A review of the \u201cMysterious\u201d wasting disease in Swedish moose (Alces alces L.) related to molybdenosis and disturbances in copper metabolism","volume":"102","author":"Frank","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biological Trace Element Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.7589\/2014\u201012\u2010284","article-title":"Age and repeated biopsy influence antemortem prpcwd testing in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in Colorado, USA","volume":"51","author":"Geremia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409008102","article-title":"Prion protein NMR structures of elk and of mouse\/elk hybrids","volume":"102","author":"Gossert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States America"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4161\/pri.4.4.13678","article-title":"Prion transmission","volume":"4","author":"Gough","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prion"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83168-0","article-title":"The elk PRNP codon 132 polymorphism controls cervid and scrapie prion propagation","volume":"89","author":"Green","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of general virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-107","article-title":"White\u2010tailed deer are susceptible to the agent of sheep scrapie by intracerebral inoculation","volume":"42","author":"Greenlee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref57","first-page":"3","article-title":"Surveillance, monitoring and surveys of wildlife diseases: a public health and conservation approach","volume":"25","author":"Guberti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2011.05.007","article-title":"Modelling landscape effects on density\u2013contact rate relationships of deer in eastern Alberta: implications for chronic wasting disease","volume":"222","author":"Habib","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecological Modelling"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02699\u201015","article-title":"Antemortem detection of chronic wasting disease prions in nasal brush collections and rectal biopsy specimens from white\u2010tailed deer by real\u2010time quaking\u2010induced conversion","volume":"54","author":"Haley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-022114-111001","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease of cervids: current knowledge and future perspectives","volume":"3","author":"Haley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annual Review of Animal Biosciences"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4848","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004848","article-title":"Detection of CWD prions in urine and saliva of deer by transgenic mouse bioassay","volume":"4","author":"Haley","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7990","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007990","article-title":"Detection of sub\u2010clinical CWD infection in conventional test\u2010negative deer long after oral exposure to urine and feces from CWD+ deer","volume":"4","author":"Haley","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870101300121","article-title":"Preliminary findings on the experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease agent of mule deer to cattle","volume":"13","author":"Hamir","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.40-1-81","article-title":"Preliminary observations on the experimental transmission of scrapie to elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) by intracerebral inoculation","volume":"40","author":"Hamir","year":"2003","journal-title":"Veterinary Pathology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870401600410","article-title":"Transmission of sheep scrapie to elk (Cervus Elaphus Nelsoni) by intracerebral inoculation: final outcome of the experiment","volume":"16","author":"Hamir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870501700313","article-title":"Experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease agent from mule deer to cattle by the intracerebral route","volume":"2005","author":"Hamir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870601800118","article-title":"Preliminary observations of genetic susceptibility of elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) to chronic wasting disease by experimental oral inoculation","volume":"18","author":"Hamir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870601800606","article-title":"Transmission of chronic wasting disease of mule deer to Suffolk sheep following intracerebral inoculation","volume":"18","author":"Hamir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.44-4-487","article-title":"Susceptibility of cattle to first\u2010passage intracerebral inoculation with chronic wasting disease agent from white\u2010tailed deer","volume":"44","author":"Hamir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Veterinary Pathology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.45-3-297","article-title":"Experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease (CWD) of Elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), white\u2010tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) to white\u2010tailed deer by intracerebral route","volume":"45","author":"Hamir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Veterinary Pathology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-43.2.224","article-title":"Prion protein genes in caribou from Alaska","volume":"43","author":"Happ","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-003-2283-y","article-title":"Prion gene sequence variation within diverse groups of U.S. sheep, beef cattle, and deer","volume":"14","author":"Heaton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mammalian Genome"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00560-09","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease (CWD) susceptibility of several North American rodents that are sympatric with cervid CWD epidemics","volume":"84","author":"Heisey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74377","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074377","article-title":"Rapid antemortem detection of CWD prions in deer saliva","volume":"8","author":"Henderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9338","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01118-15","article-title":"Longitudinal detection of prion shedding in saliva and urine by chronic wasting disease\u2010infected deer by real\u2010time quaking\u2010induced conversion","volume":"89","author":"Henderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/003591576505800503","article-title":"The environment and disease: association or causation?","volume":"58","author":"Hill","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal society of Medicine"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/38925","article-title":"The same prion strain causes vCJD and BSE","volume":"389","author":"Hill","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.2006.01466.x","article-title":"Polymorphisms of the prion protein gene (PRNP) in Alaskan moose (Alces alces gigas)","volume":"37","author":"Huson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Animal Genetics"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2007.8.3.299","article-title":"Identification of single\u2010nucleotide polymorphisms of the prion protein gene in sika deer (Cervus nippon laiouanus)","volume":"8","author":"Jeong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of veterinary science"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref80","first-page":"59","article-title":"Single\u2010nucleotide polymorphisms in prion protein gene of the Korean subspecies of Chinese water deer\u2010Hydropotes inermis argyropus","volume":"49","author":"Jeong","year":"2009","journal-title":"\ub300\ud55c\uc218\uc758\ud559\ud68c\uc9c0."},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81077-0","article-title":"Low frequency of PrP genotype 225SF among free\u2010ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) with chronic wasting disease","volume":"86","author":"Jewell","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of general virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.4161\/pri.24430","article-title":"Early detection of chronic wasting disease prions in urine of pre\u2010symptomatic deer by real\u2010time quaking\u2010induced conversion assay","volume":"7","author":"John","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.3.576","article-title":"Prion protein gene heterogeneity in free\u2010ranging white\u2010tailed deer within the chronic wasting disease affected region of Wisconsin","volume":"39","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81615-0","article-title":"Prion protein polymorphisms in white\u2010tailed deer influence susceptibility to chronic wasting disease","volume":"87","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of General Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e93","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030093","article-title":"Oral transmissibility of prion disease is enhanced by binding to soil particles","volume":"3","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17450","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017450","article-title":"Prion protein polymorphisms affect chronic wasting disease progression","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0905.020721","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease in free\u2010ranging Wisconsin White\u2010tailed Deer","volume":"9","author":"Joly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-42.3.578","article-title":"Spatial epidemiology of chronic wasting disease in Wisconsin white\u2010tailed deer","volume":"42","author":"Joly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870802000534","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease in a Wisconsin white\u2010tailed deer farm","volume":"20","author":"Keane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870802000110","article-title":"Comparison of retropharyngeal lymph node and obex region of the brainstem in detection of chronic wasting disease in white\u2010tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)","volume":"20","author":"Keane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.5735\/086.053.0206","article-title":"Growth and age structure in an introduced and hunted cervid population: white\u2010tailed deer in Finland","volume":"53","author":"Kekkonen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annales Zoologici Fennici"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4161\/pri.2.1.6321","article-title":"Prion sequence polymorphisms and chronic wasting disease resistance in Illinois white\u2010tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)","volume":"2","author":"Kelly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.67.753","article-title":"Additional cases of chronic wasting disease in imported deer in Korea","volume":"67","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medical Science"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7944","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2467-05.2005","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease of elk: transmissibility to humans examined by transgenic mouse models","volume":"25","author":"Kong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1380472","article-title":"Sex\u2010related differences in the seasonality of agonistic behavior in mule deer","volume":"62","author":"Koutnik","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Mammalogy"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-42.3.640","article-title":"Oral transmission of chronic wasting disease in captive Shira's moose","volume":"42","author":"Kreeger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-41.3.503","article-title":"Relative vulnerability of chronic wasting disease infected mule deer to vehicle collisions","volume":"41","author":"Krumm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krumm CE, Conner MM, Hobbs NT, Hunter DO and Miller MW, 2009. Mountain lions prey selectively on prion\u2010infected mule deer. Biology Letters, rsbl20090742.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0742"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9605","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00635-07","article-title":"Efficient in\u00a0vitro amplification of chronic wasting disease PrPRES","volume":"81","author":"Kurt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.02.025","article-title":"Trans\u2010species amplification of PrP(CWD) and correlation with rigid loop 170N","volume":"387","author":"Kurt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4636-13.2014","article-title":"Prion transmission prevented by modifying the beta2\u2010alpha2 loop structure of host PrPC","volume":"34","author":"Kurt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI79408","article-title":"Human prion protein sequence elements impede cross\u2010species chronic wasting disease transmission","volume":"125","author":"Kurt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3773","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82137-0","article-title":"Passage of chronic wasting disease prion into transgenic mice expressing Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) PrPC","volume":"87","author":"LaFauci","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of General Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.13-0018","article-title":"Experimental chronic wasting disease in wild type VM mice","volume":"75","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medical Science"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010100417","article-title":"Deposition patterns of disease\u2010associated prion protein in captive mule deer brains with chronic wasting disease","volume":"102","author":"Liberski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta neuropathologica"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref106","unstructured":"Malmstem J, 2016. Re: cervids population estimates to EFSA? Message to Dolores Gavier\u2010Widen. 21 November 2016."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.09.011","article-title":"The importance of localized culling in stabilizing chronic wasting disease prevalence in white\u2010tailed deer populations","volume":"113","author":"Manjerovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13794","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.21.13794-13796.2005","article-title":"Interspecies transmission of chronic wasting disease prions to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)","volume":"79","author":"Marsh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-5-26","article-title":"Immunohistochemical and biochemical characteristics of BSE and CWD in experimentally infected European red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus)","volume":"5","author":"Martin","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132661","article-title":"Infectious prions in the saliva and blood of deer with chronic wasting disease","volume":"314","author":"Mathiason","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5916","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005916","article-title":"Infectious prions in pre\u2010clinical deer and transmission of chronic wasting disease solely by environmental exposure","volume":"4","author":"Mathiason","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02592-12","article-title":"Susceptibility of domestic cats to chronic wasting disease","volume":"87","author":"Mathiason","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1210.060019","article-title":"Human prion disease and relative risk associated with chronic wasting disease","volume":"12","author":"Mawhinney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4533","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02762-06","article-title":"Resistance to chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice expressing a naturally occurring allelic variant of deer prion protein","volume":"81","author":"Meade\u2010White","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.2005.01276.x","article-title":"Polymorphisms of the prion protein gene (PRNP) in Chinese domestic sika deer (Cervus nippon hortulorum)","volume":"36","author":"Meng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Animal Genetics"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1418","article-title":"Association of a retrovirus with a wasting condition in the Swedish moose","volume":"202","author":"Merza","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.09.023","article-title":"In vitro strain adaptation of CWD prions by serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification","volume":"382","author":"Meyerett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-41.2.275","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic wasting disease in free\u2010ranging mule deer: spatial, temporal, and demographic influences on observed prevalence patterns","volume":"41","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref119","unstructured":"Miller MW and Fischer JR, 2016. The first five (or more) decades of chronic wasting disease: lessons for the five decades to come. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 81, (in\u00a0press)."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/425035a","article-title":"Prion disease: horizontal prion transmission in mule deer","volume":"425","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-36.4.676","article-title":"Epizootiology of chronic wasting disease in free\u2010ranging cervids in Colorado and Wyoming","volume":"36","author":"Miller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1006.040010","article-title":"Environmental sources of prion transmission in mule deer","volume":"10","author":"Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4019","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004019","article-title":"Lions and prions and deer demise","volume":"3","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-48.2.526","article-title":"Survival patterns in white\u2010tailed and mule deer after oral inoculation with a standardized, conspecific prion dose","volume":"48","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref125","unstructured":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources , 2016. Chronic wasting disease response plan. Available online: http:\/\/files.dnr.state.mn.us\/wildlife\/research\/health\/disease\/cwd\/cwd_responseplan.pdf"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39055","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039055","article-title":"Experimental oral transmission of chronic wasting disease to reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)","volume":"7","author":"Mitchell","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.7589\/2011-12-362","article-title":"Efficacy of antemortem rectal biopsies to diagnose and estimate prevalence of chronic wasting disease in free\u2010ranging cow elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni)","volume":"49","author":"Monello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore SJ, Kunkle R, Greenlee MHW, Nicholson E, Richt J, Hamir A, Waters WR and Greenlee J, 2016. Pathological features of chronic wasting disease in reindeer and demonstration of horizontal transmission. Journal: Emerging Infectious Diseases EID\u201016\u20100635.R1.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2212.160635"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-75528-1","volume-title":"Wildlife study design","author":"Morrison","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref130","first-page":"S87","article-title":"Transmission of CWD to non\u2010human primates: interim results of a 6 year risk assessment study on the transmissibility to humans","volume":"9","author":"Mussil","year":"2015","journal-title":"In Prion"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71844","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071844","article-title":"Mother to offspring transmission of chronic wasting disease in reeves\u2019 muntjac deer","volume":"8","author":"Nalls","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref132","unstructured":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation , 2013. \u201cSurveillance plan for chronic wasting disease in New York State 2013\u20132014\u201d. Cornell University Animal Health Diagnostic Center. August 2013. Available online: (http:\/\/www.dec.ny.gov\/docs\/wildlife_pdf\/cwdsurplan13web.pdf) [Accessed: 18 November 2016]."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12677","article-title":"Landscape connectivity predicts chronic wasting disease risk in Canada","volume":"53","author":"Nobert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2193\/2007-317","article-title":"Sampling considerations for disease surveillance in wildlife populations","volume":"72","author":"Nusser","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref135","unstructured":"Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation , 2002. Wildlife Department to recommend suspending import of deer and elk. Available online: http:\/\/www.wildlifedepartment.com\/facts_maps\/archives\/2002Whitetailarticles.htm [Accessed: 5 December 2016]."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.6.1750-1755.1998","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody F89\/160.1.5 defines a conserved epitope on the ruminant prion protein","volume":"36","author":"O'Rourke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"Pt. 10","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-80-10-2765","article-title":"PrP genotypes of captive and free\u2010ranging Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) with chronic wasting disease","volume":"80","author":"O'Rourke","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of general virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.79785-0","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the prion precursor functional gene but not the pseudogene are associated with susceptibility to chronic wasting disease in white\u2010tailed deer","volume":"85","author":"O'Rourke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of General Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3282f1ca2f","article-title":"Elk with a long incubation prion disease phenotype have a unique PrPd profile","volume":"18","author":"O'Rourke","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816000303","article-title":"Epidemiological investigations on the potential transmissibility of a rare disease: the case of atypical scrapie in Great Britain","volume":"144","author":"Ortiz\u2010Pelaez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280\u2010012\u20100257\u20106","article-title":"Climate change, land use conflicts, predation and ecological degradation as challenges for reindeer husbandry in Northern Europe: what do we really know after half a century of research?","volume":"41","author":"Pape","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2009.10.2.115","article-title":"Genetic variability of the prion protein gene (PRNP) in wild ruminants from Italy and Scotland","volume":"10","author":"Peletto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Science"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00726-2","article-title":"A change in the conformation of prions accompanies the emergence of a new prion strain","volume":"34","author":"Peretz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2010.04.066","article-title":"Horse prion protein NMR structure and comparisons with related variants of the mouse prion protein","volume":"400","author":"Perez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Biology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83424-0","article-title":"PrP genotypes of free\u2010ranging wapiti (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) with chronic wasting disease","volume":"89","author":"Perucchini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of General Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90134-Z","article-title":"Transgenetic studies implicate interactions between homologous PrP isoforms in scrapie prion replication","volume":"63","author":"Prusiner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell Volume"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.7589\/0090\u20103558\u201048.2.425","article-title":"Detection of PrPcwd in feces from naturally exposed rocky mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) using protein misfolding cyclic amplification","volume":"48","author":"Pulford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref148","unstructured":"Pusenius J, 2016. Re: Please help with cervids populations data Finland for EFSA report. Message to Dolores Gavier\u2010Widen. 21 November 2016. E\u2010mail"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12365","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.23.12365-12368.2002","article-title":"Comparison of abnormal prion protein glycoform patterns from transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agent\u2010infected deer, elk, sheep, and cattle","volume":"76","author":"Race","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1306.070186","article-title":"Levels of abnormal prion protein in deer and elk with chronic wasting disease","volume":"13","author":"Race","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1509.090253","article-title":"Susceptibilities of nonhuman primates to chronic wasting disease","volume":"15","author":"Race","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Race B, Meade\u2010White K, Race R and Chesebro B, 2009b. Prion infectivity in fat of deer with chronic wasting disease. Journal of Virology 83, no. 18 9608\u20109610.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01127-09"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9235","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00790-11","article-title":"In vivo comparison of chronic wasting disease infectivity from deer with variation at prion protein residue 96","volume":"85","author":"Race","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2005.130778","article-title":"Disease agents in nonhuman primates","volume":"20","author":"Race","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4425","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.17.4425","article-title":"Evidence of a molecular barrier limiting susceptibility of humans, cattle and sheep to chronic wasting disease","volume":"19","author":"Raymond","year":"2000","journal-title":"EMBO Journal"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4305","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02474-06","article-title":"Transmission and adaptation of chronic wasting disease to hamsters and transgenic mice: evidence for strains","volume":"81","author":"Raymond","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.10.016","article-title":"Targeting the detection of chronic wasting disease using the hunter harvest during early phases of an outbreak in Saskatchewan, Canada","volume":"104","author":"Rees","year":"2012","journal-title":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref158","first-page":"552","article-title":"A bovine viral \u2032diarrhoearmucosal disease\u2010like syndrome in moose (Alces alces L.): investigations on the central nervous system","volume":"129","author":"Rehbinder","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Veterinary Record"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.7589\/0090\u20103558\u201047.3.739","article-title":"Failure of fallow deer (Dama dama) to develop chronic wasting disease when exposed to a contaminated environment and infected mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)","volume":"47","author":"Rhyan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4161\/pri.19640","article-title":"The role of genetics in chronic wasting disease of North American cervids","volume":"6","author":"Robinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref161","first-page":"222","volume-title":"Animal Disease Surveillance and Survey Systems: Methods and Applications","author":"Salman","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref162","unstructured":"Samuel MD, Joly DO, Wild MA, Wright SD, Otis DL, Werge RW and Miller MW, 2003. Surveillance strategies for detecting chronic wasting disease in free\u2010ranging deer and Elk. Results of a CWD Surveillance Workshop Madison, Wisconsin December 10\u201312, 2002. Available online: http:\/\/www.nwhc.usgs.gov\/publications\/fact_sheets\/pdfs\/cwd\/CWD_Surveillance_Strategies.pdf"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.024380-0","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease prions are not transmissible to transgenic mice overexpressing human prion protein","volume":"91","author":"Sandberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of General Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1803.110685","article-title":"Occurrence, transmission, and zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease","volume":"18","author":"Saunders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61632-7","article-title":"Is codon 129 of prion protein polymorphic in human beings but not in animals?","volume":"349","author":"Schatzl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1202.050970","article-title":"Surveillance for prion disease in cervids, Germany","volume":"12","author":"Schettler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90275-U","article-title":"Propagation of prions with artificial properties in transgenic mice expressing chimeric PrP genes","volume":"73","author":"Scott","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell Volume"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814524798","article-title":"Lesion profiling and subcellular prion localization of cervid chronic wasting disease in domestic cats","volume":"52","author":"Seelig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Veterinary Pathology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3444","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000281","article-title":"In utero transmission and tissue distribution of chronic wasting disease\u2010associated prions in free\u2010ranging Rocky Mountain elk","volume":"96","author":"Selariu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal General Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2008018","article-title":"A prion disease of cervids: chronic wasting disease","volume":"39","author":"Sigurdson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-80-10-2757","article-title":"Oral transmission and early lymphoid tropism of chronic wasting disease PrPres in mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus)","volume":"80","author":"Sigurdson","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of General Virology"},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-10-2327","article-title":"PrP(CWD) in the myenteric plexus, vagosympathetic trunk and endocrine glands of deer with chronic wasting disease","volume":"82","author":"Sigurdson","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of General Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-10-2617","article-title":"PrPCWD lymphoid cell targets in early and advanced chronic wasting disease of mule deer","volume":"83","author":"Sigurdson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of General Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12303","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01120-06","article-title":"Strain fidelity of chronic wasting disease upon murine adaptation","volume":"80","author":"Sigurdson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810680105","article-title":"De novo generation of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy by mouse transgenesis","volume":"106","author":"Sigurdson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42051","article-title":"A molecular switch controls interspecies prion disease transmission in mice","volume":"120","author":"Sigurdson","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.64.855","article-title":"A case of chronic wasting disease in an elk imported to Korea from Canada","volume":"64","author":"Sohn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medical Science"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref178","unstructured":"Solberg EJ, Veiberg V, Strand O, Andersen R, Langvatn R, Heim M, Rolandsen CM, Holmstr\u00f8m F and Solem MI, 2008. Wild cervides 2007 \u2013 Annual report from the National monitoring program for wild cervides in Norway. NINA Report 380. 65 pp. (population 2007)."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.11.010","article-title":"Impacts of wildlife baiting and supplemental feeding on infectious disease transmission risk: a synthesis of knowledge","volume":"113","author":"Sorensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-33.1.1","article-title":"Spongiform encephalopathy in free\u2010ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), white\u2010tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) in northcentral Colorado","volume":"33","author":"Spraker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref181","unstructured":"SSC (Scientific Steering Committee), 2003. Opinion on Chronic Wasting Disease and tissues that might carry a risk for human and animal feed chains. MEETING OF 6 \u2013 7 MARCH 2003. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/food\/sites\/food\/files\/safety\/docs\/sci-com_ssc_out323_en.pdf"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1890\/ES12\u201000141.1","article-title":"Deerdensity and disease prevalence influence transmission of chronic wasting disease in white\u2010tailed deer","volume":"4","author":"Storm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref183","unstructured":"Strand O, Jordh\u00f8y P, Mossing A, Knudsen PA, Nesse L, Skjerdal H, Panzacchi M, Andersen R and Gundersen V, 2011. Villreinen i Nordfjella \u2013 Status og leveomr\u00e5de. NINA Rapport 634, 100 pp. Available online: http:\/\/www.nina.no\/archive\/nina\/PppBasePdf\/rapport%5C2011%5C634.pdf [Accessed: 8 December 2016]."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9104","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00098-06","article-title":"Transmission of Elk and deer prions to transgenic mice","volume":"80","author":"Tamg\u00fcney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08289","article-title":"Asymptomatic deer excrete infectious prions in faeces","volume":"461","author":"Tamg\u00fcney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/128_2011_166","article-title":"Transgenic mouse models and prion strains","volume":"305","author":"Telling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Topics in Current Chemistry"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90236-8","article-title":"Prion propagation in mice expressing human and chimeric PrP transgenes implicates the interaction of cellular PrP with another protein","volume":"83","author":"Telling","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5295.2079","article-title":"Evidence for the conformation of the pathologic isoform of the prion protein enciphering and propagating prion diversity","volume":"274","author":"Telling","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638712453582","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of rectal mucosa biopsy testing for chronic wasting disease within white\u2010tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) herds in North America: effects of age, sex, polymorphism at PRNP codon 96, and disease progression","volume":"24","author":"Thomsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-45.4.1089","article-title":"Situation\u2010based surveillance: adapting investigations to actual epidemic situations","volume":"45","author":"Thulke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref191","first-page":"S86","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease (CWD) transmission into hamsters","volume":"9","author":"Triscott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref192","first-page":"230","article-title":"Virusinfeksjoner hos reinsdyr","volume":"126","author":"Tryland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Norsk veterin\u00e6rtidsskrift"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028\u2010016\u20100203\u2010x","article-title":"Herding conditions related to infectious keratoconjunctivitis in semi\u2010domesticated reindeer: a questionnaire\u2010based survey among reindeer herders","volume":"58","author":"Tryland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0804-7","article-title":"Systematic review of management strategies to control chronic wasting disease in wild deer populations in North America","volume":"12","author":"Uehlinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref195","unstructured":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau . 2011. National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife\u2010Associated Recreation. Available online: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/prod\/2012pubs\/fhw11-nat.pdf"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02762\u201013","article-title":"Assessing the susceptibility of transgenic mice overexpressing deer prion protein to bovine spongiform encephalopathy","volume":"88","author":"Vickery","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004977","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004977","article-title":"Transgenic mouse bioassay: evidence that rabbits are susceptible to a variety of prion isolates","volume":"11","author":"Vidal","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-42.4.797","article-title":"Malignant catarrhal fever in free\u2010ranging cervids associated with OvHV\u20102 and CpHV\u20102 DNA","volume":"42","author":"Vik\u00f8ren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of wildlife diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref199","volume-title":"CWD in Norway","author":"VKM","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.1.118","article-title":"A weighted surveillance approach for detecting chronic wasting disease foci","volume":"46","author":"Walsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref201","first-page":"50","article-title":"Increased risk of chronic wasting disease in Rocky Mountain elk associated with decreased magnesium and increased manganese in brain tissue","volume":"74","author":"White","year":"2010","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-2712(02)00040-9","article-title":"Scrapie and chronic wasting disease","volume":"23","author":"Williams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinics in laboratory medicine"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.42-5-530","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease","volume":"42","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Veterinary Pathology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.2.1340","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease in deer and elk in North America","volume":"21","author":"Williams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Revue Scientifique et Technique"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams ES and Miller MW, 2003. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in non\u2010domestic animals: origin, transmission and risk factors. Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics) [2003, 22(1):145\u2010156].","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.22.1.1385"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-16.1.89","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease of captive mule deer: a spongiform encephalopathy","volume":"16","author":"Williams","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-18.4.465","article-title":"Spongiform encephalopathy of Rocky Mountain Elk","volume":"18","author":"Williams","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.11.2.611","article-title":"Spongiform encephalopathies in Cervidae","volume":"11","author":"Williams","year":"1992","journal-title":"Revenue Scientific Technical Review of The Office International Epizooties"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589303000105","article-title":"Neuropathology of chronic wasting disease of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni)","volume":"30","author":"Williams","year":"1993","journal-title":"Veterinary Pathology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.2307\/3803123","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease of deer and elk: a review with recommendations for management","volume":"66","author":"Williams","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390903084264","article-title":"Polymorphisms at the PRNP gene influence susceptibility to chronic wasting disease in two species of deer (Odocoileus Spp.) in western Canada","volume":"72","author":"Wilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Toxicology Environment Health A"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref212","unstructured":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources , 2012. Wisconsin's chronic wasting disease response plan: 2010\u20132025. Available online: http:\/\/dnr.wi.gov\/about\/nrb\/2013\/February\/02-13-8B1.pdf [Accessed: 5 December 2016]."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82342-0","article-title":"PrPCWD in rectal lymphoid tissue of deer (Odocoileus spp.)","volume":"88","author":"Wolfe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of General Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.7589\/0090\u20103558\u201048.2.530","article-title":"Assessment of prospective preventive therapies for chronic wasting disease in mule deer","volume":"48","author":"Wolfe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667_ref215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.7589\/2013-10-274","article-title":"\u201cAtypical\u201d chronic wasting disease in PRNP genotype 225FF mule deer","volume":"50","author":"Wolfe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"}],"container-title":["EFSA Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/wol1\/doi\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667\/fullpdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T13:20:26Z","timestamp":1776345626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"references-count":215,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4667","relation":{},"ISSN":["1831-4732","1831-4732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1831-4732","type":"print"},{"value":"1831-4732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]}}}