{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:15:43Z","timestamp":1790766943601,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EFS2","EFSA Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Between 8 December 2020 and 23 February 2021, 1,022 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus detectionswere reported in 25 EU\/EEA countries and the UK in poultry (n=592), wild (n=421) and captive birds (n=9).The majority of the detections were reported by Francethat accounted for 442 outbreaks in poultry,mostly located inthe Landes regionandaffecting the foie gras production industry,and six wild bird detections; Germany,who reported 207 detections in wild birds and 50 poultry outbreaks; Denmark,with 63 detections in wild birds and one poultry outbreak; and Poland,with 37 poultry outbreaks and 24 wild bird detections. Due to the continued presence of HPAI A(H5) viruses in wild birds and the environment,there is still a risk of avian influenza incursions with the potential further spread between establishments, primarily in areas with high poultry densities. As the currently circulating HPAI A(H5N8) virus cancause high mortality also in affected duck farms, mortality eventscan be seen as a good indicator of virus presence. However,also subclinical virusspread in this type of poultry production system have been reported.To improve early detection of infection in poultry within the surveillance zone, the clinical inspection of duck establishments should be complemented by encouraging farmers to collect dead birds to be pooled and tested weekly (bucket sampling).Six different genotypes were identified to date in Europe and Russia, suggesting a high propensity of these viruses to undergo multiple reassortment events. To date, no evidence of fixation of known mutations previously described as associated to zoonotic potential has been observed in HPAI viruses currently circulanting in Europe based on the available sequences.Seven cases due to A(H5N8) HPAI virus have been reported from Russia, all were poultry workerswith mild or no symptoms. Five human cases due to A(H5N6) HPAI and 10 cases due to A(H9N2) LPAI viruseshave been reported from China. The risk for the general population as well as travel\u2010related imported human cases is assessed as very lowand the risk forpeople occupationally exposedpeople as low.Any human infections with avian influenza viruses are notifiablewithin 24 hoursthrough the Early Warning and Response System (EWRS) and the International Health Regulations (IHR) notification system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T09:48:47Z","timestamp":1614764927000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Avian influenza overview December 2020 \u2013 February 2021"],"prefix":"10.2903","volume":"19","author":[{"name":"European Food Safety Authority","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Adlhoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Fusaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 L","family":"Gonzales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thijs","family":"Kuiken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Marangon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9ric","family":"Niqueux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Staubach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calogero","family":"Terregino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Mu\u00f1oz Guajardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliana","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Baldinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6497_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2019.1624687","article-title":"Avian influenza H9N2 subtype in Ghana: virus characterization and evidence of co\u2010infection","volume":"48","author":"Awuni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Avian Pathology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6497_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0575-1","article-title":"A G1\u2010lineage H9N2 virus with oviduct tropism causes chronic pathological changes in the infundibulum and a long\u2010lasting drop in egg production","volume":"49","author":"Bonfante","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veterinary Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6497_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.02.016","article-title":"Characterization of H9N2 avian influenza viruses from the Middle East demonstrates heterogeneity at amino acid position 226 in the hemagglutinin and potential for transmission to mammals","volume":"518","author":"Chrzastek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6497_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA, ECDC, EURL , Adlhoch C, Brouwer A, Kuiken T, Miteva A, Mulatti P, Smietanka K, Staubach C, Gogin A, Munoz Guajardo I and Baldinelli F, 2019. 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