{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T04:27:18Z","timestamp":1788928038424,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EFS2","EFSA Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract The present opinion deals with the re\u2010evaluation of shellac (E 904) when used as a food additive and with the new application on the extension of use of shellac (E 904) in dietary foods for special medical purposes. The Panel derived an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 4 mg\/kg body weight (bw) per day for wax\u2010free shellac (E 904) produced by physical decolouring, based on a NOAEL of 400 mg\/kg bw per day and applying an uncertainty factor of 100. The Panel concluded that the ADI of 4 mg\/kg bw per day should be considered temporary for wax\u2010free shellac (E 904) produced by chemical bleaching, while new data are generated on the identity and levels of the organochlorine impurities in E 904. This ADI is not applicable for wax\u2010containing shellac as a food additive. For several age groups, the ADI was exceeded at the 95th percentile in the non\u2010brand\u2010loyal exposure assessment scenario and maximum level exposure assessment scenario. Considering the low exceedance and the fact that both the exposure estimation and the toxicological evaluation of shellac were conservative, the panel concluded that the calculated exceedance of the ADI does not indicate a safety concern. The Panel recommended to the European Commission separating specifications for E 904 depending on the manufacturing process, chemical bleaching and physical decolouring, because they result in different impurities; revising the definition of the food additive to include a description of each manufacturing process; deleting information on wax\u2010containing shellac from the EU specifications; revising the acid value for wax\u2010free shellac produced by chemical bleaching; lowering the maximum limit for lead; to consider introducing limits for other toxic elements potentially present in shellac; including a maximum limit for chloroform and total inorganic chloride in the EU specification for shellac produced by chemical bleaching.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T05:08:48Z","timestamp":1722488928000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Re\u2010evaluation of shellac (E 904) as a food additive and a new application on the extension of use of shellac (E 904) in dietary foods for special medical purposes"],"prefix":"10.2903","volume":"22","author":[{"name":"EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF)","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maged","family":"Younes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Aquilina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Castle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisela","family":"Degen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl\u2010Heinz","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Jose","family":"Frutos\u00a0Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"F\u00fcrst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"G\u00fcrtler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Gundert\u2010Remy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trine","family":"Hus\u00f8y","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melania","family":"Manco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Mennes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Moldeus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabina","family":"Passamonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romina","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ine","family":"Waalkens\u2010Berendsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polly","family":"Boon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Crebelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Di\u00a0Domenico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicja","family":"Mortensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruud","family":"Woutersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Henk\u00a0Van\u00a0Loveren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Gagliardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Mazzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Lodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef Daniel","family":"Rasinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Rincon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Tard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. J.","family":"Frutos\u00a0Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/em.10190","article-title":"Structure\u2013activity relationships for the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of simple and alpha\u2010beta unsaturated aldehydes","volume":"42","author":"Benigni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) . (2007). Opinion of the Scientific Committee related to uncertainties in dietary exposure assessment. EFSA Journal, 5(1), 438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2007.438","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2007.438"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) . (2011a). Use of the EFSA comprehensive European food consumption database in exposure assessment. EFSA Journal, 9(3), 2097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.2097","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.2097"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) . (2011b). Evaluation of the FoodEx, the food classification system applied to the development of the EFSA comprehensive European food consumption database. EFSA Journal, 9(3), 1970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.1970","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.1970"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) . (2015). The food classification and description system FoodEx2 (revision 2). EFSA Supporting Publications, 12(5), EN\u2010804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/sp.efsa.2015.EN\u2010804","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2015.EN-804"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food) . (2012). Guidance for submission for food additive evaluations. EFSA Journal, 10(7), 2760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2012.2760","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2012.2760"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources) . (2014). Statement on a conceptual framework for the risk assessment of certain food additives re\u2010evaluated under commission regulation (EU) No 257\/2010. EFSA Journal, 12(6), 3697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2014.3697","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2014.3697"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed) . (2013). Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of Cylactin\u00ae (Enterococcus faecium) as a feed additive for cats and dogs. EFSA Journal, 11(2), 3098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2013.3098","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2013.3098"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA CONTAM Panel (EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain) . (2010). Scientific Opinion on Lead in Food. EFSA Journal, 8(4), 1570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1570","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1570"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA FEEDAP Panel (EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed) . (2023). Safety and efficacy of the feed additive consisting of enterococcus lactis NCIMB 10415 (Cylactin\u00ae) for all poultry for fattening or reared for laying\/breeding and ornamental birds, all Suidae, calves and other ruminant species for fattening or rearing (DSM nutritional products ltd). EFSA Journal, 21(10), 8347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.8347","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.8347"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA FEEDAP Panel (EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed) . (2024). Assessment of the feed additive consisting of enterococcus lactis NCIMB 10415 (Cylactin\u00ae) for cats and dogs for the renewal of its authorisation (DSM nutritional products ltd.). EFSA Journal, 22(3), e8622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8622","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8622"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Scientific Committee . (2009). Guidance of the Scientific Committee on transparency in the scientific aspects of risk assessments carried out by EFSA. Part 2: General principles. EFSA Journal, 7(5), 1051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2009.1051","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2009.1051"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Scientific Committee . (2012). Guidance on selected default values to be used by the EFSA scientific committee, scientific panels and units in the absence of actual measured data. EFSA Journal, 10(3), 2579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2012.2579","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2012.2579"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Scientific Committee , More, S., Bampidis, V., Benford, D., Bragard, C., Halldorsson, T., Hernandez\u2010Jerez, A., Bennekou, S.H., Koutsoumanis, K., Lambre, C., Machera, K., Naegeli, H., Nielsen, S., Schlatter, J., Schrenk, D., Silano, V. (deceased), Turck, D., Younes, M., Castenmiller, J., \u2026 Schoonjans, R., (2021). Guidance on technical requirements for regulated food and feed product applications to establish the presence of small particles including nanoparticles. EFSA Journal, 19(8), 6769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6769","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6769"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , & WHO (World Health Organization) . (2016). Review of the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach and development of new TTC decision tree (p. 50). EFSA supporting publication, 13(2), EN\u20101006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/sp.efsa.2016.EN\u20101006","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2016.EN-1006"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref16","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Physicochemical properties of various shellac types","author":"Farag","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref17","unstructured":"FDA . (1981). Evaluation of the health aspects of shellac and shellac wax as food ingredients. Life Sciences Research Office, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref18","unstructured":"FCC (Food Chemical Codex) . (2010). The United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 7th Edition. 916\u2013918."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8707(63)90056-X","article-title":"Respiratory allergy due to chemical compounds encountered in the rubber, lacquer, shellac, and beauty culture industries","volume":"34","author":"Gelfand","year":"1963","journal-title":"Journal of Allergy"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref20","first-page":"55","article-title":"Nachweis von Scellack auf \u00c4pfeln mittels D\u00fcnnschichtchromatographie","volume":"43","author":"Gross","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lebensmittelchem Gerichtl Chem"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(84)90271-0","article-title":"Primary mutagenicity screening of food additives currently used in Japan","volume":"22","author":"Ishidate","year":"1984","journal-title":"Food and Chemical Toxicology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref22","unstructured":"JECFA (Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) . (1992). Evaluation of certain food additives and naturally occurring toxicants, thirty\u2010ninth report of the joint FAO\/WHO expert committee on food additives, Held in Rome 3\u201312 February 1992. WHO Technical Report Series No 828."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref23","unstructured":"JECFA (Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) . (1993). Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and naturally occurring toxicants. Prepared by the 39th meeting of the JECFA, Held in Rome 3\u201312 February 1992. WHO Food Additives Series: 30 Available (No 760). https:\/\/www.inchem.org\/pages\/jecfa.html"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref24","first-page":"128","article-title":"Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: Fifty\u2010third report ofthe joint FAO\/WHO expert committee on food additives","volume":"896","author":"JECFA (Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives)","year":"2000","journal-title":"WHO Technical Report Series"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref25","unstructured":"JECFA (Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) . (2006). Combined compendium of food additive specifications. All specifications monographs from the 1st to the 65th meeting (1956\u20132005), Volume 4, 331. ISBN 92\u20135\u2013105569\u20106. https:\/\/www.fao.org\/food\/food\u2010safety\u2010quality\/scientific\u2010advice\/jecfa\/jecfa\u2010additives\/detail\/en\/c\/409\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(85)90200-3","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of chloroform in drinking water to male Osborne\u2010Mendel rats and female B6C3F1 mice","volume":"5","author":"Jorgenson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Fundamental and Applied Toxicology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(81)90025-2","article-title":"Compatibility of organic solvents with the salmonella\/microsome test","volume":"88","author":"Maron","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mutation Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref28","volume-title":"The NanoDefine methods manual. Part 1: The NanoDefiner framework and Tools,EUR29876 EN","author":"Mech","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref29","volume-title":"Part 2: Evaluation of methods, EUR 29876 EN","author":"Mech","year":"2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2023.02.004","article-title":"En representaci\u00f3n de REIDAC. Contact allergy to shellac. Retrospective cross\u2010sectional study with data from the Spanish registry of research in contact dermatitis and cutaneous allergy (REIDAC)","volume":"114","author":"Mercader\u2010Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Actas Dermo\u2010Sifiliogr\u00e1ficas"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref31","volume-title":"Test No. 481: Genetic toxicology: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, miotic recombination assay, OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, section\u00a04","author":"OECD (Organisation for Economic Co\u2010operation and Development)","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref32","unstructured":"OECD (Organisation for Economic Co\u2010operation and Development) . (2001). Test No. 416: Two\u2010generation reproduction toxicity, OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, section\u00a04, OECD Publishing, Paris. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264070868\u2010en"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref33","unstructured":"OECD (Organisation for Economic Co\u2010operation and Development) . (2016a). Test No. 421: Reproduction\/developmental toxicity screening test, OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, section\u00a04, OECD Publishing, Paris. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264264380\u2010en"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref34","unstructured":"OECD (Organisation for Economic Co\u2010operation and Development) . (2016b). Test No. 473: In\u00a0vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, section\u00a04, OECD Publishing, Paris. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264264649\u2010en"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref35","unstructured":"OECD (Organisation for Economic Co\u2010operation and Development) . (2018a). Test No. 408: Repeated dose 90\u2010day Oral toxicity study in rodents, OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, section\u00a04, OECD Publishing, Paris. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264070707\u2010en"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref36","unstructured":"OECD (Organisation for Economic Co\u2010operation and Development) . (2018b). Test No. 414: Prenatal developmental toxicity study, OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, section\u00a04, OECD Publishing, Paris. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264070820\u2010en"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref37","unstructured":"OECD (Organisation for Economic Co\u2010operation and Development) . (2018c). Test No. 453: Combined chronic toxicity\/carcinogenicity studies, OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, section\u00a04, OECD Publishing, Paris. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264071223\u2010en"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref38","unstructured":"OECD (Organisation for Economic Co\u2010operation and Development) . (2020). Test No. 471: Bacterial reverse mutation test, OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, section\u00a04, OECD Publishing, Paris. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264071247\u2010en"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref39","unstructured":"OECD (Organisation for Economic Co\u2010operation and Development) . (2023). Test No. 487: In\u00a0vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test, OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, section\u00a04, OECD Publishing, Paris. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264264861\u2010en"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pradeep, P., Judson, R., DeMarini, D. M., Keshava, N., Martin, T. M., Dean, J., Gibbons, C. F., Simha, A., Warren, S. H., Gwinn, M. R., & Patlewicz, G. (2021). Evaluation of existing QSAR models and structural alerts and development of new ensemble models for genotoxicity using a newly compiled experimental dataset. Computational Toxicology, 18, 100167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comtox.2021.100167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comtox.2021.100167"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref41","first-page":"77","article-title":"Solubility of Lac Resin in ammonia and physicochemical properties of its ammonium salt","volume":"34","author":"Qi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Science"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref42","unstructured":"Rauscher, H., Mech, A., Gibson, N., Gilliland, D., Held, A., Kestens, V., Koeber, R., Linsinger, T., & Stefaniak, E. (2019). Identification of nanomaterials through measurements, EUR 29942 EN. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. JRC 118158; 7\u2010111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2760\/053982"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s002170100290","article-title":"Detection of coating waxes on apples by differential scanning calorimetry","volume":"212","author":"Ritter","year":"2001","journal-title":"European Food Research and Technology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref44","unstructured":"SCF (Scientific Committee on Food) . (1992). Second series of food additives of various technological functions (opinion expressed on 19 October 1990). Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food (Twenty\u2010sixth series). https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/food\/fs\/sc\/scf\/reports\/scf_reports_26.pdf"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref45","unstructured":"SCF (Scientific Committee on Food) . (2001). Guidance on submissions for food additive evaluations by the scientific committee on food. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/food\/fs\/sc\/scf\/out98_en.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1994.1048","article-title":"Societal benefits of reducing lead exposure","volume":"66","author":"Schwartz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref47","first-page":"733","article-title":"Safety assessment of shellac as food additive through long term toxicity study","volume":"10","author":"Srivastava","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends in Biosciences"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref48","first-page":"560","article-title":"Food additives in Europe 2000 \u2010 status of safety assessments of food additives presently permitted in the EU: Nordic Council of Ministers","volume":"2002","author":"Tema Nord","year":"2002","journal-title":"TemaNord"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref49","volume-title":"Chloroform","author":"WHO (World Health Organization)","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897_ref50","volume-title":"Guidelines for drinking\u2010water quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda","author":"WHO (World Health Organization)","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["EFSA Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/wol1\/doi\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897\/fullpdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T09:14:44Z","timestamp":1768295684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8897","relation":{},"ISSN":["1831-4732","1831-4732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1831-4732","type":"print"},{"value":"1831-4732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}}}