{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T19:57:26Z","timestamp":1793217446685,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":242,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EFS2","EFSA Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the revision of the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for vitamin E. As \u03b1\u2010tocopherol is recognised as the only essential form of vitamin E, the Panel restricted its evaluation to \u03b1\u2010tocopherol. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to assess evidence on priority adverse health effects of excess intake of vitamin E, namely risk of impaired coagulation and bleeding, cardiovascular disease and prostate cancer. The effect on blood clotting and associated increased risk of bleeding is considered as the critical effect to establish an UL for vitamin E. No new evidence has been published that could improve the characterisation of a dose\u2013response. The ULs for vitamin E from all dietary sources, which were previously established by the Scientific Committee on Food, are retained for all population groups, i.e. 300 mg\/day for adults, including pregnant and lactating women, 100 mg\/day for children aged 1\u20133\u2009years, 120 mg\/day for 4\u20136\u2009years, 160 mg\/day for 7\u201310\u2009years, 220 mg\/day for 11\u201314\u2009years and 260 mg\/day for 15\u201317\u2009years. A UL of 50 mg\/day is established for infants aged 4\u20136 months and a UL of 60 mg\/day for infants aged 7\u201311 months. ULs apply to all stereoisomeric forms of \u03b1\u2010tocopherol. ULs do not apply to individuals receiving anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications (e.g. aspirin), to patients on secondary prevention for CVD or to patients with vitamin K malabsorption syndromes. It is unlikely that the ULs for vitamin E are exceeded in European populations, except for regular users of food supplements containing high doses of vitamin E.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T05:11:21Z","timestamp":1722575481000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin E"],"prefix":"10.2903","volume":"22","author":[{"name":"EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA)","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Turck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"Bohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Castenmiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefaan","family":"de Henauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen\u2010Ildico","family":"Hirsch\u2010Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helle Katrine","family":"Knutsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Maciuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inge","family":"Mangelsdorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry J.","family":"McArdle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Pentieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Siani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Thies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Tsabouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Vinceti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maret G.","family":"Traber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misha","family":"Vrolijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte Marie","family":"Bercovici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agn\u00e8s","family":"de Sesmaisons Lecarr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Fabiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nena","family":"Karavasiloglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e2nia","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Valtue\u00f1a Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Androniki","family":"Naska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(86)90287-5","article-title":"Thirteen\u2010week toxicity study of d\u2010alpha\u2010tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) in Fischer 344 rats","volume":"24","author":"Abdo","year":"1986","journal-title":"Food and Chemical Toxicology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.2174\/1874609811104020158","article-title":"Vitamin E and all\u2010cause mortality: A meta\u2010analysis","volume":"4","author":"Abner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Aging Science"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-023-03827-y","article-title":"Vitamin E\u2010induced coagulopathy in a young patient: A case report","volume":"17","author":"Abrol","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Case Reports"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.3.459","article-title":"Transport of deuterium\u2010labeled tocopherols during pregnancy","volume":"67","author":"Acuff","year":"1998","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2012.694920","article-title":"Tocopherols in seafood and aquaculture products","volume":"56","author":"Afonso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2010.11.002","article-title":"Oxidative balance score and risk of prostate cancer: Results from a case\u2010cohort study","volume":"35","author":"Agalliu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref7","volume-title":"Resultat fr\u00e5n matvaneunders\u00f6kning utf\u00f6rd 2010\u201311","author":"Amcoff","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref8","first-page":"193","volume-title":"A randomised controlled trial of vitamin E supplementation in conservatively managed pre\u2010eclamptic patients. Proceedings of the 10th world congress of the International Society for the Study of hypertension in pregnancy; 1996 August 4\u20138","author":"Anthony","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.021","article-title":"\u03b1\u2010Tocopherol transfer protein (\u03b1\u2010TTP)","volume":"176","author":"Arai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radical Biology & Medicine"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-12-199906150-00003","article-title":"Relation of consumption of vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids to risk for stroke among men in the United States","volume":"130","author":"Ascherio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/122.9.1792","article-title":"Correlations of vitamin A and E intakes with the plasma concentrations of carotenoids and tocopherols among American men and women","volume":"122","author":"Ascherio","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M030734","article-title":"Disruption of P450\u2010mediated vitamin E hydroxylase activities alters vitamin E status in tocopherol supplemented mice and reveals extra\u2010hepatic vitamin E metabolism","volume":"53","author":"Bardowell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Lipid Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartolini, D., Marinelli, R., Giusepponi, D., Galarini, R., Barola, C., Stabile, A. M., Sebastiani, B., Paoletti, F., Betti, M., Rende, M., & Galli, F. (2021). Alpha\u2010tocopherol metabolites (the vitamin E metabolome) and their Interindividual variability during supplementation. Antioxidants (Basel), 10, 173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox10020173","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020173"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1089\/154099904322836519","article-title":"The Women's antioxidant cardiovascular study: Design and baseline characteristics of participants","volume":"13","author":"Bassuk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Women's Health"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S20107","article-title":"Effects of vitamin E supplementation on some pregnancy health indices: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"4","author":"Bastani","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of General Medicine"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1289-7","article-title":"Plasma fat\u2010soluble vitamin and carotenoid concentrations after plant sterol and plant stanol consumption: A meta\u2010analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"56","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.10.3113","article-title":"Identities and differences in the metabolism of tocotrienols and tocopherols in HepG2 cells","volume":"132","author":"Birringer","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/34.2.289","article-title":"Expressing dietary values for fat\u2010soluble vitamins: changes in concepts and terminology","volume":"34","author":"Bieri","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., & Gluud, C. (2013). Meta\u2010regression analyses, meta\u2010analyses, and trial sequential analyses of the effects of supplementation with beta\u2010carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E singly or in different combinations on all\u2010cause mortality: Do we have evidence for lack of harm? PLoS One, 8, e74558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0074558","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074558"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02783-5","article-title":"Secondary prevention with antioxidants of cardiovascular disease in endstage renal disease (SPACE): Randomised placebo\u2010controlled trial","volume":"356","author":"Boaz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F36","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.86.1.F36","article-title":"Postnatal changes in maternal and neonatal plasma antioxidant vitamins and the influence of smoking. Archives of Disease in Childhood","volume":"86","author":"Bolisetty","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fetal and Neonatal Edition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.1.143","article-title":"Effect of vitamin E supplementation on vitamin K status in adults with normal coagulation status","volume":"80","author":"Booth","year":"2004","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2022.08.009","article-title":"Guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of hypolipidemia disorders","volume":"16","author":"Bredefeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Lipidology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1331.004","article-title":"The effect of age on vitamin E status, metabolism, and function: Metabolism as assessed by labeled tocopherols","volume":"1031","author":"Brigelius\u2010Floh\u00e9","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.344","article-title":"Both alpha\u2010 and beta\u2010carotene, but not tocopherols and vitamin C, are inversely related to 15\u2010year cardiovascular mortality in Dutch elderly men","volume":"138","author":"Buijsse","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6472","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00411a035","article-title":"Autoxidation of biological molecules. 1. Antioxidant activity of vitamin E and related chain\u2010breaking phenolic antioxidants in\u00a0vitro","volume":"103","author":"Burton","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of the American Chemical Society"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.4.669","article-title":"Human plasma and tissue alpha\u2010tocopherol concentrations in response to supplementation with deuterated natural and synthetic vitamin E","volume":"67","author":"Burton","year":"1998","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4106","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-11-122010","article-title":"CYP4F2 genetic variant alters required warfarin dose","volume":"111","author":"Caldwell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(96)05974-6","article-title":"The influence of antioxidant nutrients on platelet function in healthy volunteers","volume":"128","author":"Calzada","year":"1997","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.963793","article-title":"Vitamin E supplementation and the risk of heart failure in women","volume":"5","author":"Chae","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation. Heart Failure"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref31","first-page":"893","article-title":"Supplemental vitamin E intake and prostate cancer risk in a large cohort of men in the United States","volume":"8","author":"Chan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(95)00083-A","article-title":"Biokinetics in humans of RRR\u2010alpha\u2010tocopherol: The free phenol, acetate ester, and succinate ester forms of vitamin E","volume":"19","author":"Cheeseman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Free Radical Biology & Medicine"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2015.11.010","article-title":"Dietary tocopherols inhibit PhIP\u2010induced prostate carcinogenesis in CYP1A\u2010humanized mice","volume":"371","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Letters"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.3478","article-title":"Age\u2010related cataract in men in the selenium and vitamin e cancer prevention trial eye endpoints study: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"133","author":"Christen","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.266","article-title":"Age\u2010related cataract in a randomized trial of vitamins E and C in men","volume":"128","author":"Christen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.1.102","article-title":"Dietary carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and risk of cataract in women: A prospective study","volume":"126","author":"Christen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Archives of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.15.1610","article-title":"A randomized factorial trial of vitamins C and E and beta carotene in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in women: Results from the Women's antioxidant cardiovascular study","volume":"167","author":"Cook","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-016-0498-8","article-title":"Establishment of reference values of alpha\u2010tocopherol in plasma, red blood cells and adipose tissue in healthy children to improve the management of chylomicron retention disease, a rare genetic hypocholesterolemia","volume":"11","author":"Cuerq","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03539-X","article-title":"Low\u2010dose aspirin and vitamin E in people at cardiovascular risk: A randomised trial in general practice. Collaborative Group of the Primary Prevention Project","volume":"357","author":"de Gaetano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02728-4","article-title":"Contribution of voluntary fortified foods to micronutrient intake in The Netherlands","volume":"61","author":"de Jong","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2005.09.031","article-title":"Short\u2010term, moderate dosage Vitamin E supplementation may have no effect on platelet aggregation, coagulation profile, and bleeding time in healthy individuals","volume":"132","author":"Dereska","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Surgical Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3994","article-title":"A critical review of methodologies used in determination of relative bio\u2010availability ratio of RRR\u2010alpha\u2010tocopheryl acetate and all\u2010rac\u2010alpha\u2010tocopheryl acetate","volume":"90","author":"Dersjant\u2010Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.5.1392","article-title":"Effect of high\u2010dose alpha\u2010tocopherol supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"86","author":"Devaraj","year":"2007","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.008367","article-title":"Increased vitamin E intake is associated with higher alpha\u2010tocopherol concentration in the maternal circulation but higher alpha\u2010carboxyethyl hydroxychroman concentration in the fetal circulation","volume":"93","author":"Didenco","year":"2011","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540400020346","article-title":"In silico search for single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes important in vitamin E homeostasis","volume":"56","author":"D\u00f6ring","year":"2004","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10663","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph111010663","article-title":"Longitudinal trajectories of cholesterol from midlife through late life according to apolipoprotein E allele status","volume":"11","author":"Downer","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) . (2010). Application of systematic review methodology to food and feed safety assessments to support decision making. EFSA Journal, 8(6), 1637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1637","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1637"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) . (2011). Use of the EFSA comprehensive European food consumption database in exposure assessment. EFSA Journal, 9(3), 2097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.2097","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.2097"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) . (2015). Scientific report on principles and process for dealing with data and evidence in scientific assessments. EFSA Journal, 13(5), 4121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4121","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4121"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) . (2022). Protocol for the intake assessments performed in the context of the revision of tolerable upper intake levels for selected nutrients. EFSA Supporting Publication, 19(8), e200801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/sp.efsa.2022.e200801","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2022.e200801"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA AFC Panel (Panel on Food additives, Flavourings, Processing aids and Materials in Contact with Food) . (2005). Opinion of the scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to D\u2010\u03b1\u2010tocopheryl acid succinate as a source of vitamin E in foods intended for the general population, food supplements and foods for particular nutritional uses. EFSA Journal, 3, 203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2005.203","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2005.203"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA AFC Panel (Panel on Food additives, Flavourings, Processing aids and Materials in Contact with Food) . (2008). Opinion on mixed tocopherols, tocotrienol tocopherol and tocotrienols as sources for vitamin E added as a nutritional substance in food supplements \u2010 scientific opinion of the Panel on food additives, Flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC). EFSA Journal, 6(3), 640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2008.640","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2008.640"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food) . (2015). Scientific Opinion on the re\u2010evaluation of tocopherol\u2010rich extract (E 306), \u03b1\u2010tocopherol (E 307), \u03b3\u2010tocopherol (E 308) and \u03b4\u2010tocopherol (E 309) as food additives. EFSA Journal, 13(9), 4247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4247","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4247"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA FEEDAP Panel (EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed) . (2010). Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of vitamin E as a feed additive for all animal species. EFSA Journal, 8(6), 1635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1635","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1635"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA FEEDAP Panel (EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed) . (2012). Scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of synthetic alpha\u2010tocopherol for all animal species. EFSA Journal, 10(7), 2784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2012.2784","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2012.2784"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies) . (2015). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for vitamin E as alpha\u2010tocopherol. EFSA Journal, 13(7), 4149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4149","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4149"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies) . (2017). Dietary reference values for vitamin K. EFSA Journal, 15(5), 4780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4780","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4780"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens) . (2022). Guidance for establishing and applying tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and essential minerals. EFSA Journal, 20(1), e200102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.e200102","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.e200102"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Scientific Committee . (2011). Statistical significance and biological relevance. EFSA Journal, 9(9), 2372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.2372","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.2372"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Scientific Committee . (2012). Guidance on selected default values to be used by the EFSA scientific committee, scientific panels and units in the absence of actual measured data. EFSA Journal, 10(3), 2579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2012.2579","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2012.2579"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Scientific Committee . (2017a). Guidance on the assessment of the biological relevance of data in scientific assessments. EFSA Journal, 15(8), 4970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4970","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4970"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Scientific Committee . (2017b). Guidance on the use of the weight of evidence approach in scientific assessments. EFSA Journal, 15(8), 4971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4971","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4971"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Scientific Committee . (2018). Guidance on uncertainty analysis in scientific assessments. EFSA Journal, 16(1), 5123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2018.5123","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2018.5123"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Scientific Committee . (2020). Draft for internal testing scientific committee guidance on appraising and integrating evidence from epidemiological studies for use in EFSA's scientific assessments. EFSA Journal, 18(8), 6221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6221","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6221"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref65","first-page":"360","article-title":"Safe upper levels for vitamins and minerals","author":"EVM (Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals)","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Standards Agency"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108760","article-title":"The occurrence and effects of human vitamin E deficiency. A study in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"60","author":"Farrell","year":"1977","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.2.375","article-title":"Distribution of serum concentrations of alpha\u2010tocopherol and gamma\u2010tocopherol in the US population","volume":"84","author":"Ford","year":"2006","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.6.1723","article-title":"Sex differences in the inhibition of gamma\u2010tocopherol metabolism by a single dose of dietary sesame oil in healthy subjects","volume":"87","author":"Frank","year":"2008","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref69","first-page":"242","article-title":"Interaction of vitamins E and K: Effect of high dietary vitamin E on phylloquinone activity in chicks","volume":"67","author":"Frank","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.10.2434","article-title":"Alpha\u2010tocopherol inhibits aggregation of human platelets by a protein kinase C\u2010dependent mechanism","volume":"94","author":"Freedman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.862","article-title":"Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in men: The Physicians' health study II randomized controlled trial","volume":"301","author":"Gaziano","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(77)80406-7","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of vitamin E in the treatment of angina pectoris","volume":"93","author":"Gillilan","year":"1977","journal-title":"American Heart Journal"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)07072-5","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with n\u20103 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: Results of the GISSI\u2010Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico","volume":"354","author":"GISSI \u2013 Prevenzione Investigators","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(98)00070-X","article-title":"Influence of caesarean delivery and maternal factors on fat\u2010soluble vitamins in blood from cord and neonates","volume":"53","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Corbella","year":"1998","journal-title":"Early Human Development"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.6.715","article-title":"Effect of daily vitamin E and multivitamin\u2010mineral supplementation on acute respiratory tract infections in elderly persons: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"288","author":"Graat","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1649970","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics and lipoprotein fraction distribution of intramuscular vs. oral vitamin K1 supplementation in women of childbearing age: Effects on hemostasis","volume":"74","author":"Hagstrom","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thrombosis and Haemostasis"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.5.1025","article-title":"Human adipose alpha\u2010tocopherol and gamma\u2010tocopherol kinetics during and after 1 y of alpha\u2010tocopherol supplementation","volume":"59","author":"Handelman","year":"1994","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6849.335","article-title":"Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: A prospective study","volume":"305","author":"Hankinson","year":"1992","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.D400033-JLR200","article-title":"Determination of the urinary aglycone metabolites of vitamin K by HPLC with redox\u2010mode electrochemical detection","volume":"46","author":"Harrington","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Lipid Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.6.440","article-title":"Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha\u2010tocopherol and beta\u2010carotene: Incidence and mortality in a controlled trial","volume":"90","author":"Heinonen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref81","first-page":"187","volume-title":"The national FINDIET 2012 survey","author":"Helldan","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-3848(84)90308-6","article-title":"The effect of intravenous vitamin E and menadiol sodium diphosphate on vitamin K dependent clotting factors","volume":"35","author":"Helson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Thrombosis Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S114515","article-title":"Vitamin E administration may decrease the incidence of pneumonia in elderly males","volume":"11","author":"Hemil\u00e4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Interventions in Aging"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516003408","article-title":"Vitamin E and the risk of pneumonia: Using the I 2 statistic to quantify heterogeneity within a controlled trial","volume":"116","author":"Hemil\u00e4","year":"2016","journal-title":"The British Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S16114","article-title":"Subgroup analysis of large trials can guide further research: A case study of vitamin E and pneumonia","volume":"3","author":"Hemil\u00e4","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200201000-00006","article-title":"Vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta\u2010carotene in relation to common cold incidence in male smokers","volume":"13","author":"Hemil\u00e4","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000093616.60899.92","article-title":"Physical activity and the common cold in men administered vitamin E and beta\u2010carotene","volume":"35","author":"Hemil\u00e4","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.2.557","article-title":"Vitamin E and beta\u2010carotene supplementation and hospital\u2010treated pneumonia incidence in male smokers","volume":"125","author":"Hemil\u00e4","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2006.10719543","article-title":"The effect of vitamin E on common cold incidence is modified by age, smoking and residential neighborhood","volume":"25","author":"Hemil\u00e4","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref90","unstructured":"Heuer, T., Walter, C., Krems, C., & Hoffmann, I. (Max Rubner\u2010Institut). (2012). N\u00e4hrstoffzufuhr \u00fcber Supplemente \u2013 Ergebnisse der Nationalen Verzehrsstudie II. 86\u201397 pp."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref91","unstructured":"Hindborg H (DTU Food National Institute) . (2015. Unpublished). Dietary supplements may contribute to an adequate micronutrient intake in Danish adults but increase the risk of overdose in children."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000029092.99946.08","article-title":"Alpha\u2010tocopherol supplementation in healthy individuals reduces low\u2010density lipoprotein oxidation but not atherosclerosis: The vitamin E atherosclerosis prevention study (VEAPS)","volume":"106","author":"Hodis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref93","first-page":"127","article-title":"The HOPE (heart outcomes prevention evaluation) study: The design of a large, simple randomized trial of an angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme inhibitor (ramipril) and vitamin E in patients at high risk of cardiovascular events. The HOPE study investigators","volume":"12","author":"HOPE study investigators","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Canadian Journal of Cardiology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)00499-7","article-title":"Affinity for \u03b1\u2010tocopherol transfer protein as a determinant of the biological activities of vitamin E analogs","volume":"409","author":"Hosomi","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Letters"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-0187","article-title":"Serum Metabolomic response to low\u2010 and high\u2010dose vitamin E supplementation in two randomized controlled trials","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref96","first-page":"507","article-title":"Association between 24 hour urinary alpha\u2010tocopherol catabolite, 2,5,7,8\u2010tetramethyl\u20102(2\u2032\u2010carboxyethyl)\u20106\u2010hydroxychroman (alpha\u2010CEHC) and alpha\u2010tocopherol intake in intervention and cross\u2010sectional studies","volume":"20","author":"Imai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref97","first-page":"531","volume-title":"Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids","author":"IOM (Institute of Medicine)","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V73.1.141.141","article-title":"Alpha\u2010tocopherol, an effective inhibitor of platelet adhesion","volume":"73","author":"Jandak","year":"1989","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.042929","article-title":"Novel metabolites and roles for alpha\u2010tocopherol in humans and mice discovered by mass spectrometry\u2010based metabolomics","volume":"96","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-3848(90)90233-3","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of vitamin E (alpha\u2010tocopherol) on spontaneous platelet aggregation in whole blood","volume":"60","author":"Kakishita","year":"1990","journal-title":"Thrombosis Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.30.9.1022","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism and tissue specificity in the expression of CYP4F forms in Sprague Dawley rats","volume":"30","author":"Kalsotra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Metabolism and Disposition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)37971-2","article-title":"The measurement of nanograms of tocopherol from needle aspiration biopsies of adipose tissue: Normal and abetalipoproteinemic subjects","volume":"24","author":"Kayden","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Lipid Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref103","unstructured":"Kehoe, L., & Walton, J. (Munster Technological University). (2022). Report on the intake of micronutrients (Vitamin A, \u03b2\u2010carotene, retinol, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B6, folic acid, iron and manganese) from food supplements in the Irish population."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20P","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1100020Pb","article-title":"The absorption of vitamin E in man","volume":"110","author":"Kelleher","year":"1968","journal-title":"The Biochemical Journal"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19900149","article-title":"Time course of vitamin E repletion in the premature infant","volume":"63","author":"Kelly","year":"1990","journal-title":"The British Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.42.11","article-title":"Age\u2010related changes of alpha\u2010tocopherol transfer protein expression in rat liver","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (Tokyo)"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djj050","article-title":"Supplemental and dietary vitamin E, beta\u2010carotene, and vitamin C intakes and prostate cancer risk","volume":"98","author":"Kirsh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.35.133","article-title":"Effects of elevated d\u2010alpha(RRR)\u2010tocopherol dosage in man","volume":"35","author":"Kitagawa","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (Tokyo)"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1437","article-title":"Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: The selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial (SELECT)","volume":"306","author":"Klein","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1508","article-title":"Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease risk: A pooled analysis of 9 cohorts","volume":"80","author":"Knekt","year":"2004","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.07.033","article-title":"Tocopherols and total phenolics in 10 different nut types","volume":"98","author":"Kornsteiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199605023341803","article-title":"Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women","volume":"334","author":"Kushi","year":"1996","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.6.1258","article-title":"Lactating sows and suckling piglets preferentially incorporate RRR\u2010 over all\u2010rac\u2010alpha\u2010tocopherol into milk, plasma and tissues","volume":"132","author":"Lauridsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, N. K., Kesayan, T., Chang, J. Y., & Rose, D. Z. (2020). Cryptogenic intracranial hemorrhagic strokes associated with Hypervitaminosis E and acutely elevated \u03b1\u2010tocopherol levels. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 29, 104747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104747"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.038620","article-title":"Urinary \u03b1\u2010carboxyethyl hydroxychroman can be used as a predictor of \u03b1\u2010tocopherol adequacy, as demonstrated in the energetics study","volume":"96","author":"Lebold","year":"2012","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, D., & Hong, J. H. (2023). Niemann\u2010pick disease type C (NPDC) by mutation of NPC1 and NPC2: Aberrant lysosomal cholesterol trafficking and oxidative stress. Antioxidants, 12, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12122021","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12122021"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.1.56","article-title":"Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: The Women's health study: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"294","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01618896","article-title":"Vitamin E content of different animal products: Influence of animal nutrition","volume":"36","author":"Leonhardt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrungswissenschaft"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.10.1503","article-title":"Vitamin E and beta carotene supplementation in high risk for stroke: A subgroup analysis of the alpha\u2010tocopherol, Beta\u2010carotene cancer prevention study","volume":"57","author":"Lepp\u00e4l\u00e4","year":"2000","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.20.1.230","article-title":"Controlled trial of alpha\u2010tocopherol and beta\u2010carotene supplements on stroke incidence and mortality in male smokers","volume":"20","author":"Lepp\u00e4l\u00e4","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)95021-7","article-title":"Antioxidant vitamins and nuclear opacities: The longitudinal study of cataract","volume":"105","author":"Leske","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3109\/07853899709002602","article-title":"Increased tendency towards gingival bleeding caused by joint effect of alpha\u2010tocopherol supplementation and acetylsalicylic acid","volume":"30","author":"Liede","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annals of Medicine"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.864","article-title":"Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: The selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial (SELECT)","volume":"301","author":"Lippman","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.3.700","article-title":"Mixed tocopherols inhibit platelet aggregation in humans: Potential mechanisms","volume":"77","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loh, W. Q., Youn, J., & Seow, W. J. (2022). Vitamin E intake and risk of prostate cancer: A meta\u2010analysis. Nutrients, 15, 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15010014","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010014"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.11.1338","article-title":"Effects of long\u2010term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"293","author":"Lonn","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009895","article-title":"Antioxidant intake and risk of incident age\u2010related nuclear cataracts in the beaver dam eye study","volume":"149","author":"Lyle","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(99)00169-0","article-title":"Moderate supplementation with natural alpha\u2010tocopherol decreases platelet aggregation and low\u2010density lipoprotein oxidation","volume":"147","author":"Mabile","year":"1999","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0380197","article-title":"The absorption of alpha\u2010tocopherol in control subjects and in patients with intestinal malabsorption","volume":"38","author":"MacMahon","year":"1970","journal-title":"Clinical Science"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23649","article-title":"Dietary alpha\u2010, beta\u2010, gamma\u2010 and delta\u2010tocopherols in lung cancer risk","volume":"123","author":"Mahabir","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.156349","article-title":"Genome\u2010wide association study identifies three common variants associated with serologic response to vitamin E supplementation in men","volume":"142","author":"Major","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.189928","article-title":"Genetic variants reflecting higher vitamin e status in men are associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer","volume":"144","author":"Major","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3876","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr296","article-title":"Genome\u2010wide association study identifies common variants associated with circulating vitamin E levels","volume":"20","author":"Major","year":"2011","journal-title":"Human Molecular Genetics"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/103.3.371","article-title":"Hypervitaminosis E in the chick","volume":"103","author":"March","year":"1973","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2459\/01.JCM.0000223257.09062.17","article-title":"Vitamin E increases the risk of developing heart failure after myocardial infarction: Results from the GISSI\u2010Prevenzione trial","volume":"7","author":"Marchioli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine (Hagerstown, Md.)"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0176","article-title":"Null activity of selenium and vitamin e as cancer chemopreventive agents in the rat prostate","volume":"3","author":"McCormick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Prevention Research (Philadelphia, Pa.)"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.109.054833","article-title":"CYP4F2 is a vitamin K1 oxidase: An explanation for altered warfarin dose in carriers of the V433M variant","volume":"75","author":"McDonald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecular Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.04.009","article-title":"Vitamin E supplementation and cataract: Randomized controlled trial","volume":"111","author":"McNeil","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.7.828","article-title":"Vitamin E and respiratory tract infections in elderly nursing home residents: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"292","author":"Meydani","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/68.2.311","article-title":"Assessment of the safety of supplementation with different amounts of vitamin E in healthy older adults","volume":"68","author":"Meydani","year":"1998","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540410058031","article-title":"Vitamin E supplementation and in\u00a0vivo immune response in healthy elderly subjects. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"277","author":"Meydani","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001232","article-title":"Prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in newborn infants: A position paper by the ESPGHAN committee on nutrition","volume":"63","author":"Mihatsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00110","article-title":"Meta\u2010analysis: High\u2010dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all\u2010cause mortality","volume":"142","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.153965","article-title":"Vitamin E supplementation reduces cardiovascular events in a subgroup of middle\u2010aged individuals with both type 2 diabetes mellitus and the haptoglobin 2\u20102 genotype: A prospective double\u2010blinded clinical trial","volume":"28","author":"Milman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mondul, A. M., Moore, S. C., Weinstein, S. J., Evans, A. M., Karoly, E. D., M\u00e4nnist\u00f6, S., Sampson, J. N., & Albanes, D. (2016). Serum Metabolomic response to long\u2010term supplementation with all\u2010rac\u2010\u03b1\u2010Tocopheryl acetate in a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2016, 6158436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/6158436","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6158436"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615s","DOI":"10.3945\/an.113.005678","article-title":"Nutrition and lifestyle in european adolescents: The HELENA (healthy lifestyle in Europe by nutrition in adolescence) study","volume":"5","author":"Moreno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.48.6","article-title":"The safety of high\u2010dose vitamin E supplementation in healthy Japanese male adults","volume":"48","author":"Morinobu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (Tokyo)"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moyersoen, I., Devleesschauwer, B., Dekkers, A., De Ridder, K., Tafforeau, J., van Camp, J., van Oyen, H., & Lachat, C. (2017). Intake of fat\u2010soluble vitamins in the Belgian population: Adequacy and contribution of foods, fortified foods and supplements. Nutrients, 9, 860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu9080860","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080860"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.13.1472","article-title":"Vitamin supplement use in a low\u2010risk population of US male physicians and subsequent cardiovascular mortality","volume":"162","author":"Muntwyler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref150","unstructured":"NHMRC (National Health and Medical Research Council. Government of Australia and New Zealand) . (2006). Nutrient reference values for Australia and New Zealand. 8 pp. https:\/\/www.nrv.gov.au\/nutrients\/selenium"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.166462","article-title":"This kinetic, bioavailability, and metabolism study of RRR\u2010alpha\u2010tocopherol in healthy adults suggests lower intake requirements than previous estimates","volume":"142","author":"Novotny","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.15650","article-title":"Vitamin and mineral supplements for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: Updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force","volume":"327","author":"O'Connor","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15872","article-title":"Advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms that maintain normal haemostasis","volume":"186","author":"O'Donnell","year":"2019","journal-title":"British Journal of Haematology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(86)90740-4","article-title":"Influence of breast\u2010feeding on the restoration of the low serum concentration of vitamin E and beta\u2010carotene in the newborn infant","volume":"154","author":"Ostrea","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0152","article-title":"Selenomethionine and alpha\u2010tocopherol do not inhibit prostate carcinogenesis in the testosterone plus estradiol\u2010treated NBL rat model","volume":"3","author":"Ozten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Prevention Research (Philadelphia, Pa.)"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.144643","article-title":"Overview of the coagulation system","volume":"58","author":"Palta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6467","DOI":"10.1021\/bi034086v","article-title":"Ligand specificity in the CRAL\u2010TRIO protein family","volume":"42","author":"Panagabko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perlitz, H., Mensink, G. B. M., Lage Barbosa, C., Richter, A., Brettschneider, A. K., Lehmann, F., Patelakis, E., Frank, M., Heide, K., & Haftenberger, M. (2019). Use of vitamin and mineral supplements among adolescents living in Germany\u2010results from EsKiMo II. Nutrients, 11, 1208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11061208","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061208"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-007-9072-y","article-title":"Vitamin E and selenium supplementation and risk of prostate cancer in the vitamins and lifestyle (VITAL) study cohort","volume":"19","author":"Peters","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Causes & Control"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1159\/000481017","article-title":"Plasma tocopherol levels in term infants fed breast milk or proprietary formulae","volume":"2","author":"Phelps","year":"1981","journal-title":"Developmental Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp167","article-title":"Use of supplements of multivitamins, vitamin C, and vitamin E in relation to mortality","volume":"170","author":"Pocobelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422414000146","article-title":"Vitamin E\u2010drug interactions: Molecular basis and clinical relevance","volume":"27","author":"Podszun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrition Research Reviews"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199305203282004","article-title":"Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men","volume":"328","author":"Rimm","year":"1993","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.378.13.3","article-title":"Vitamin E supplements and risk of prostate cancer in U.S. men","volume":"13","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355E","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2013.EN-355","article-title":"Updated food composition database for nutrient intake","volume":"10","author":"Roe","year":"2013","journal-title":"EFSA Supporting Publications"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-013-0190-4","article-title":"Micronutrient intake and risk of prostate cancer in a cohort of middle\u2010aged, Danish men","volume":"24","author":"Roswall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Causes & Control"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref167","first-page":"CD004069","article-title":"Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy","volume":"2015","author":"Rumbold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(00)82441-8","article-title":"Effect of vitamin E supplementation on lipid peroxide levels in preeclampsia","volume":"70","author":"Sawhney","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref169","unstructured":"SCF (Scientific Committee on Food) . (2000). Guidelines of the Scientific Committee on food for the development of tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and minerals. https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/efsa_rep\/blobserver_assets\/ndatolerableuil.pdf"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref170","unstructured":"SCF (Scientific Committee on Food) . (2003). Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Vitamin E. In: Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for Vitamins and Mineral 243\u2013252 pp. https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/efsa_rep\/blobserver_assets\/ndatolerableuil.pdf"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4331\/wjbc.v7.i1.14","article-title":"Complexity of vitamin E metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Schm\u00f6lz","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7010010","article-title":"Long\u2010chain metabolites of vitamin E: Metabolic activation as a general concept for lipid\u2010soluble vitamins?","volume":"7","author":"Schubert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcrks, M., Glynn, R. J., Rist, P. M., Tzourio, C., & Kurth, T. (2010). Effects of vitamin E on stroke subtypes: Meta\u2010analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ, 341, c5702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.c5702","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c5702"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.5.788","article-title":"The use of vitamin supplements and the risk of cataract among US male physicians","volume":"84","author":"Seddon","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.600","article-title":"Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: The Physicians' health study II randomized controlled trial","volume":"300","author":"Sesso","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3923\/jms.2006.979.983","article-title":"Effects of vitamin E, calcium carbonate and milk of magnesium on muscular cramps in pregnant women","volume":"6","author":"Shahraki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.056101","article-title":"Association between circulating vitamin K1 and coronary calcium progression in community\u2010dwelling adults: The multi\u2010ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"98","author":"Shea","year":"2013","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-02812-3","article-title":"Dietary total antioxidant capacity and mortality outcomes: The Singapore Chinese health study","volume":"61","author":"Sheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp402","article-title":"Biochemical validation of food frequency questionnaire\u2010estimated carotenoid, alpha\u2010tocopherol, and folate intakes among African Americans and non\u2010Hispanic whites in the southern community cohort study","volume":"171","author":"Signorello","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1990.tb01365.x","article-title":"Short term vitamin E supplementation has no effect on platelet function, plasma phospholipase A2 and lyso\u2010PAF in male volunteers","volume":"17","author":"Silbert","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(83)80087-0","article-title":"Mechanism causing vitamin E deficiency during chronic childhood cholestasis","volume":"85","author":"Sokol","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25290","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M201466200","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 omega\u2010hydroxylase pathway of tocopherol catabolism. Novel mechanism of regulation of vitamin E status","volume":"277","author":"Sontag","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0262-1746(86)90151-4","article-title":"Vitamin E exerts antiaggregatory effects without inhibiting the enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade in platelets","volume":"21","author":"Srivastava","year":"1986","journal-title":"Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Medicine"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199305203282003","article-title":"Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women","volume":"328","author":"Stampfer","year":"1993","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/47.4.700","article-title":"Vitamin E supplementation effect on human platelet function, arachidonic acid metabolism, and plasma prostacyclin levels","volume":"47","author":"Stampfer","year":"1988","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1657324","article-title":"Effect of alpha\u2010tocopherol administration on platelet function in man","volume":"49","author":"Steiner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Thrombosis and Haemostasis"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1999.tb06903.x","article-title":"Vitamin E, a modifier of platelet function: Rationale and use in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease","volume":"57","author":"Steiner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nutrition Reviews"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381s","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.6.1381S","article-title":"Vitamin E plus aspirin compared with aspirin alone in patients with transient ischemic attacks","volume":"62","author":"Steiner","year":"1995","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90866-1","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge heart antioxidant study (CHAOS)","volume":"347","author":"Stephens","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.4.899","article-title":"Infants discriminate between natural and synthetic vitamin E","volume":"77","author":"Stone","year":"2003","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stos, K., Wozniak, A., Rychlik, E., Ziolkowska, I., Glowala, A., & Oltarzewski, M. (2021). Assessment of food supplement consumption in polish population of adults. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8, 733951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.733951","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.733951"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-006-0064-0","article-title":"Prostate cancer incidence and intake of fruits, vegetables and related micronutrients: The multiethnic cohort study* (United States)","volume":"17","author":"Stram","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Causes & Control"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1657865","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with vitamin E in hyperlipoproteinemias: Effects on plasma lipid peroxides, antioxidant activity, prostacyclin generation and platelet aggregability","volume":"54","author":"Szczeklik","year":"1985","journal-title":"Thrombosis and Haemostasis"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takada, T., Yamanashi, Y., Konishi, K., Yamamoto, T., Toyoda, Y., Masuo, Y., Yamamoto, H., & Suzuki, H. (2015). NPC1L1 is a key regulator of intestinal vitamin K absorption and a modulator of warfarin therapy. Science Translational Medicine, 7(275), 275ra23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.3010329","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3010329"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(90)90039-J","article-title":"Hemorrhagic toxicity of d\u2010alpha\u2010tocopherol in the rat","volume":"63","author":"Takahashi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1177\/030006059502300504","article-title":"Effects on health of dietary supplementation with 100 mg d\u2010alpha\u2010tocopheryl acetate, daily for 6\u2009years","volume":"23","author":"Takamatsu","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Journal of International Medical Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520070112","article-title":"Developmental changes in the expression of alpha\u2010tocopherol transfer protein during the neonatal period of rat","volume":"7","author":"Tamai","year":"1998","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.52.7.468","article-title":"Incidence of cataract operations in Finnish male smokers unaffected by alpha tocopherol or beta carotene supplements","volume":"52","author":"Teikari","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.1997.tb00620.x","article-title":"Long\u2010term supplementation with alpha\u2010tocopherol and beta\u2010carotene and age\u2010related cataract","volume":"75","author":"Teikari","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1017\/BJN20061972","article-title":"Plasma phylloquinone (vitamin K1) concentration and its relationship to intake in British adults aged 19 \u201364\u2009years","volume":"96","author":"Thane","year":"2006","journal-title":"British Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000131750.60270.42","article-title":"Postintervention effect of alpha tocopherol and beta carotene on different strokes: A 6\u2010year follow\u2010up of the alpha tocopherol, Beta carotene cancer prevention study","volume":"35","author":"T\u00f6rnwall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2004.05.007","article-title":"Effect of alpha\u2010tocopherol and beta\u2010carotene supplementation on coronary heart disease during the 6\u2010year post\u2010trial follow\u2010up in the ATBC study","volume":"25","author":"T\u00f6rnwall","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-3-29","article-title":"Extrahepatic tissue concentrations of vitamin K are lower in rats fed a high vitamin E diet","volume":"3","author":"Tovar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutrition & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)42836-6","article-title":"RRR\u2010 and SRR\u2010alpha\u2010tocopherols are secreted without discrimination in human chylomicrons, but RRR\u2010alpha\u2010tocopherol is preferentially secreted in very low density lipoproteins","volume":"31","author":"Traber","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Lipid Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)01210-1","article-title":"Synthetic as compared with natural vitamin E is preferentially excreted as alpha\u2010CEHC in human urine: Studies using deuterated alpha\u2010tocopheryl acetates","volume":"437","author":"Traber","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEBS Letters"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.028","article-title":"Vitamin E: How much is enough, too much and why!","volume":"177","author":"Traber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radical Biology & Medicine"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/46.3.488","article-title":"Tocopherol distribution and intracellular localization in human adipose tissue","volume":"46","author":"Traber","year":"1987","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.100966","article-title":"Alpha\u2010tocopherol disappearance rates from plasma depend on lipid concentrations: Studies using deuterium\u2010labeled collard greens in younger and older adults","volume":"101","author":"Traber","year":"2015","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa298","article-title":"Vitamin E catabolism in women, as modulated by food and by fat, studied using 2 deuterium\u2010labeled alpha\u2010tocopherols in a 3\u2010phase, nonrandomized crossover study","volume":"113","author":"Traber","year":"2021","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz172","article-title":"Vitamin E absorption and kinetics in healthy women, as modulated by food and by fat, studied using 2 deuterium\u2010labeled \u03b1\u2010tocopherols in a 3\u2010phase crossover design","volume":"110","author":"Traber","year":"2019","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.30017","article-title":"\u03b1\u2010Tocopherol adipose tissue stores are depleted after burn injury in pediatric patients","volume":"92","author":"Traber","year":"2010","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.138495","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome increases dietary \u03b1\u2010tocopherol requirements as assessed using urinary and plasma vitamin E catabolites: A double\u2010blind, crossover clinical trial","volume":"105","author":"Traber","year":"2017","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10005","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.21.10005","article-title":"Human plasma vitamin E kinetics demonstrate rapid recycling of plasma RRR\u2010alpha\u2010tocopherol","volume":"91","author":"Traber","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198707303170502","article-title":"Lack of tocopherol in peripheral nerves of vitamin E\u2010deficient patients with peripheral neuropathy","volume":"317","author":"Traber","year":"1987","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/31.5.831","article-title":"Study on the effect of megavitamin E supplementation in man","volume":"31","author":"Tsai","year":"1978","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M015560","article-title":"Altered vitamin E status in Niemann\u2010pick type C disease","volume":"52","author":"Ulatowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Lipid Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref217","unstructured":"USP (The United States Pharmacopeia) . (1979). The United States Pharmacopeia. National Formulary. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref218","unstructured":"USP (The United States Pharmacopeia) . (1999). The United States Pharmacopeia 24.National Formulary 19. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref219","unstructured":"Valsta, L., Kaartinen, N., Tapanainen, H., M\u00e4nnist\u00f6, S., & S\u00e4\u00e4ksj\u00e4rvi, K. (National Institute for Health and Welfare). (2018). Nutrition in Finland: The National FinDiet 2017 Survey."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.75.5.327","article-title":"The effect of vitamin E supplementation on serum DHEA and neopterin levels in elderly subjects","volume":"75","author":"van Amsterdam","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R026641","article-title":"Vitamin E in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: The importance of proper patient selection","volume":"54","author":"Vardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Lipid Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2019.10.005","article-title":"Fat soluble vitamins deficiency in pediatric chronic liver disease: The impact of liver transplantation","volume":"52","author":"Veraldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Digestive and Liver Disease"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.4.476","article-title":"Incidence of cancer and mortality following alpha\u2010tocopherol and beta\u2010carotene supplementation: A postintervention follow\u2010up","volume":"290","author":"Virtamo","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28641","article-title":"Effects of \u03b1\u2010tocopherol and \u03b2\u2010carotene supplementation on cancer incidence and mortality: 18\u2010year postintervention follow\u2010up of the alpha\u2010tocopherol, Beta\u2010carotene cancer prevention study","volume":"135","author":"Virtamo","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref225","unstructured":"VKM (Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety) . (2017). Assessment of iron intake in relation to tolerable upper intake levels. Opinion of the Panel on Nutrition, Dietetic Products, Novel Food and Allergy. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. VKM Report 2017: 5, 28 pp."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.085480","article-title":"Vitamin E and C supplementation and risk of cancer in men: Posttrial follow\u2010up in the Physicians' health study II randomized trial","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-010-0102-2","article-title":"Effect of vitamin E on sP\u2010selectin levels in pre\u2010eclampsia","volume":"26","author":"Wangkheimayum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-06-1084","article-title":"Serum and dietary vitamin E in relation to prostate cancer risk","volume":"16","author":"Weinstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref229","first-page":"100","article-title":"Stereoisomers of alpha\u2010tocopheryl acetate\u2013characterization of the samples by physico\u2010chemical methods and determination of biological activities in the rat resorption\u2010gestation test","volume":"51","author":"Weiser","year":"1981","journal-title":"International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref230","first-page":"287","article-title":"d,1\u2010alpha\u2010Tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E): A long term toxicity and carcinogenicity study in rats","volume":"53","author":"Wheldon","year":"1983","journal-title":"International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref231","unstructured":"WHO\/FAO (World Health Organization\/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) . (2004). Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition: report of a Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Consultation. Bangkok, Thailand, 21\u201330 September 1998. 341 pp."},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)51301-1","article-title":"Some biological effects produced by \u03b1\u2010tocopherol quinone","volume":"159","author":"Woolley","year":"1945","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-2343","article-title":"Association of variants in two vitamin e transport genes with circulating vitamin e concentrations and prostate cancer risk","volume":"69","author":"Wright","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-06-1071","article-title":"Supplemental and dietary vitamin E intakes and risk of prostate cancer in a large prospective study","volume":"16","author":"Wright","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac013","article-title":"Change in plasma \u03b1\u2010tocopherol associations with attenuated pulmonary function decline and with CYP4F2 missense variation","volume":"115","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013001638","article-title":"Validation of an FFQ to assess antioxidant intake in overweight postmenopausal women","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012005071","article-title":"Validation of an FFQ to assess short\u2010term antioxidant intake against 30 d food records and plasma biomarkers","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.2.476","article-title":"Intake of antioxidant vitamins and risk of death from stroke in postmenopausal women","volume":"72","author":"Yochum","year":"2000","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001203420302","article-title":"Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high\u2010risk patients","volume":"342","author":"Yusuf","year":"2000","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-3-19","article-title":"Abetalipoproteinemia: Two case reports and literature review","volume":"3","author":"Zamel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws279","article-title":"High\u2010dose supplements of vitamins C and E, low\u2010dose multivitamins, and the risk of age\u2010related cataract: A population\u2010based prospective cohort study of men","volume":"177","author":"Zheng Selin","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953_ref242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-02918-8","article-title":"Associations of 24 h urinary excretions of \u03b1\u2010 and \u03b3\u2010carboxyethyl hydroxychroman with plasma \u03b1\u2010 and \u03b3\u2010tocopherol and dietary vitamin E intake in older adults: The lifelines\u2010MINUTHE study","volume":"61","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Journal of Nutrition"}],"container-title":["EFSA Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/wol1\/doi\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953\/fullpdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T09:00:30Z","timestamp":1768294830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"references-count":242,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8953","relation":{},"ISSN":["1831-4732","1831-4732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1831-4732","type":"print"},{"value":"1831-4732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}}}