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Second, although wild boar density is a relevant known factor, the statistical and mechanistic models did not show a clear and consistent effect of wild boar density on ASF epidemiology in the selected scenarios. Other factors, such as vegetation, altitude, climate and barriers affecting population connectivity, also played a role on ASF epidemiology in wild boar. Third, knowledge on Ornithodoros erraticus competence, presence and surveillance was updated concluding that this species did not play any role in the current ASF epidemic in affected areas of the EU. Available scientific evidence suggests that stable flies and horse flies are exposed to ASFV in affected areas of the EU and have the capacity to introduce ASFV into farms and transmit it to pigs. However, there is uncertainty about whether this occurs, and if so, to what extent. Fourth, research and field experience from affected countries in the EU demonstrates that the use of fences, potentially used with existing road infrastructure, coupled with other control methods such as culling and carcass removal, can effectively reduce wild boar movements contributing to ASF management in wild boar. Fences can contribute to control ASF in both scenarios, focal introductions and wave\u2010like spread. Fifth, the use of gonadotropin\u2010releasing hormone (GnRH) vaccines as an immune contraceptive has the potential, as a complementary tool, to reduce and control wild boar populations. However, the development of an oral GnRH vaccine for wild boar still requires substantial additional work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.9095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T05:02:39Z","timestamp":1733288559000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Risk and protective factors for ASF in domestic pigs and wild boar in the EU, and mitigation measures for managing the disease in wild boar"],"prefix":"10.2903","volume":"22","author":[{"name":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anette Ella","family":"Boklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"St\u00e5hl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Miranda Chueca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Podg\u00f3rski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timoth\u00e9e","family":"Vergne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Corti\u00f1as Abrahantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Cattaneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"Dhollander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Papanikolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Tampach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Mur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.9095_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14504","article-title":"Targeting the search of African swine fever\u2010infected wild boar carcasses: A tool for early detection","volume":"69","author":"Allepuz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.9095_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81329-x","article-title":"Spatiotemporal clustering and random Forest models to identify risk factors of African swine fever outbreak in Romania in 2018\u20132019","volume":"11","author":"Andraud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.9095_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02767.x","article-title":"Relapsing fever borreliosis in Eurasia \u2013 forgotten, but certainly not gone!","volume":"15","author":"Assous","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.9095_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06346-x","article-title":"African swine fever virus DNA is present in non\u2010biting flies collected from outbreak farms in Romania","volume":"17","author":"Balmo\u0219","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.9095_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balmo\u0219, O. 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