{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T05:18:50Z","timestamp":1759814330095,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EFS2","EFSA Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract\r\n The European Commission requested EFSA to assess the effect of incineration, co\u2010incineration and combustion of Category 1 animal by\u2010products (ABP) on the BSE\/TSE hazards in ash resulting from these treatments. The presence of residual TSE hazards is assessed by detection of prion infectivity or seeding activity. TSE agents or prions are challenging to inactivate completely using heat\u2010based methods. Different TSE strains exhibit varying degrees of thermoresistance. Based on available studies at temperatures 120\u2013134\u00b0C, the C\u2010BSE strain is more thermoresistant than other evaluated strains. The vast majority of Category 1 ABP is rendered into \u2018meat and bone meal\u2019 prior to incineration\/co\u2010incineration\/combustion. Scenarios involving co\u2010incineration for cement production do not need to be considered because all ash is incorporated into the cement. It is not possible to generalise the time\/temperature combinations to which Category 1 ABP are subjected across all processes. Due to the challenges in precisely measuring the temperature and residence time in industrial systems, and the wide range of system designs and operating conditions, it can only be assumed that Category 1 ABP are exposed to at least the legal requirements as determined by the conditions of the gas produced or injected into the process: 850\u00b0C for 2 s or 1100\u00b0C for 0.2 s. The limited sensitivity of the method used in a study involving C\u2010BSE at 1000\u00b0C for 20 min prevented a conclusive exclusion of residual C\u2010BSE prions.. Therefore, it is not possible to exclude \u2013 with high certainty (&gt;\u200999%) \u2013 the presence of residual BSE\/TSE hazards in ash produced from the incineration, co\u2010incineration or combustion of Category 1 ABP. It is recommended to generate data on the actual reduction of infectivity in \u2018meat and bone meal\u2019 spiked with thermoresistant TSE field strains after treatment with the time\/temperature combinations required by the legislation or specific industry processes. \r\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T09:08:52Z","timestamp":1748423332000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of incineration, co\u2010incineration and combustion on TSE hazards in category 1 animal by\u2010products"],"prefix":"10.2903","volume":"23","author":[{"name":"EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ)","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Allende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avelino","family":"Alvarez\u2010Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Bortolaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Bover\u2010Cid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"De Cesare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wietske","family":"Dohmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Guillier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lieve Maria","family":"Herman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liesbeth","family":"Jacxsens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lapo","family":"Mughini\u2010Gras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maarten","family":"Nauta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Ottoson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Peixe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Perez\u2010Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Skandamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Suffredini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Andreoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"B\u00e9ringue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamela","family":"Kryemadhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Lanfranchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Ortiz\u2010Pelaez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romolo","family":"Nonno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9435_ref1","unstructured":"Alm, M., Dobbelaere, D., & EFPRA . 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