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Decision\u2010making criteria for the euthanasia of cull cows are also addressed. A selection of animal\u2010based measures (ABMs) suitable for collection at slaughterhouses is proposed to monitor on\u2010farm welfare of fattening cattle. Recommendations to improve the welfare of housed fattening cattle include increasing space allowance and feeding more roughage in relation to current practice, and promoting the use of well\u2010managed bedded solid floors. Provision of enrichment such as brushes and roughage and an outdoor loafing area for housed cattle are recommended. Cattle kept outdoors should have access to a dry lying area and sufficient shade. Water should be provided ad\u00a0libitum via large open water surfaces, and the use of nipple drinkers should be avoided. Mixing of unfamiliar cattle should be avoided and groups should be kept stable. Mutilations should be abstained from, but if carried out, a combination of analgesia and anaesthesia should be applied regardless of the calf's age. Early weaning of suckler calves should be avoided (&lt;\u20096 months). Homozygous double\u2010muscled animals should be excluded from breeding. Selected ABMs for collection at slaughterhouses to monitor some of the highly relevant welfare consequences experienced by fattening cattle on farm are body condition, carcass fat levels, carcass condemnation, lung lesions and skin lesions. Key data gaps identified are thresholds for dietary fibre, ABM thresholds for fitness for transport and potential long\u2010term effects of mutilations on pain sensitisation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T09:11:18Z","timestamp":1753434678000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Welfare of beef cattle"],"prefix":"10.2903","volume":"23","author":[{"name":"EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW)","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren 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