{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T17:54:02Z","timestamp":1791482042527,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EFS2","EFSA Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of two tinctures obtained from the leaves of Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. (rosemary tinctures) when used as sensory additives. The tinctures are water\/ethanol solutions, with a dry matter content of 4.43% (tincture A) and 1.28% (tincture B). Tincture A is proposed for use in feed for chickens for fattening, laying hens, horses and dogs, while tincture B is intended for use in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the additives under assessment are safe for the target species at the maximum proposed use level of 500 mg\/kg complete feed: (i) rosemary tincture A for chickens for fattening, laying hens, horses and dogs; (ii) rosemary tincture B for all animal species. The FEEDAP Panel considered that, for tincture B, the use level in water for drinking is safe provided that the total daily intake of the additive does not exceed the daily amount that is considered safe when consumed via feed. No safety concern would arise for the consumer and the environment from the use of rosemary tinctures in animal feed. Regarding user safety, the additives under assessment should be considered as irritants to skin and eyes, and as dermal and respiratory sensitisers. Any exposure is considered a risk. Since the leaves of S. rosmarinus are recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T13:08:43Z","timestamp":1761138523000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Safety and efficacy of feed additives consisting of rosemary tinctures obtained from the leaves of Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. for use in all animal species (FEFANA asbl)"],"prefix":"10.2903","volume":"23","author":[{"name":"EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP)","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto Edoardo","family":"Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Azimonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleftherios","family":"Bonos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojca","family":"Durjava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Dusemund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronette","family":"Gehring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boet","family":"Glandorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryline","family":"Kouba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"L\u00f3pez\u2010Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Marcon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Nebbia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alena","family":"Pechov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Prieto\u2010Maradona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilen","family":"R\u00f6he","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Theodoridou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria de Lourdes","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Benfenati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Brantom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Chesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Schlatter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Westendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Manini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9686_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(96)87358-3","article-title":"Study of the embryofoetotoxicity of alpha\u2010terpinene in the rat","volume":"34","author":"Araujo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Food and Chemical Toxicology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9686_ref2","first-page":"1806","volume-title":"Fenaroli's handbook of flavor ingredients","author":"Burdock","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9686_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(97)00072-5","article-title":"Molecular basis for deficient acetaminophen glucuronidation in cats. An interspecies comparison of enzyme kinetics in liver microsomes","volume":"53","author":"Court","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochemical Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9686_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-6264(76)80522-6","article-title":"Estimation of toxic hazard\u2013a decision tree approach","volume":"16","author":"Cramer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Food and Cosmetics Toxicology"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9686_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6106","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27186106","article-title":"Chemical and antimicrobial characterization of Mentha piperita L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oils and in\u00a0vitro potential cytotoxic effect in human colorectal carcinoma cells","volume":"27","author":"Dolghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9686_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.12705\/661.7","article-title":"Salvia united: The greatest good for the greatest number","volume":"66","author":"Drew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Taxon"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9686_ref7","unstructured":"ECHA (European Chemical Agency) . (2018). CLH report for alpha\u2010terpinene. Proposal for Harmonised Classification and Labelling. Substance Name: p\u2010mentha\u20101,3\u2010diene; 1\u2010isopropyl\u20104\u2010methylcyclohexa\u20101,3\u2010diene; alpha\u2010terpinene. Part A. https:\/\/echa.europa.eu\/documents\/10162\/aa4f4df9\u2010de8e\u2010595c\u2010f679\u2010a702abcd24fc"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9686_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) . (2008). Scientific opinion of the panel on food additives, Flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the commission on camphor in flavourings and other food ingredients with flavouring properties. 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EFSA Journal, 14(1), 4339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2016.4339","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2016.4339"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9686_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA FEEDAP Panel (EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed) , Rychen, G., Aquilina, G., Azimonti, G., Bampidis, V., Bastos, M. L., Bories, G., Chesson, A., Cocconcelli, P. S., Flachowsky, G., Gropp, J., Kolar, B., Kouba, M., L\u00f3pez\u2010Alonso, M., L\u00f3pez Puente, S., Mantovani, A., Mayo, B., Ramos, F., Saarela, M., \u2026 Innocenti, M. L. (2017a). Guidance on the identity, characterisation and conditions of use of feed additives. 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EFSA Journal, 15(10), 5022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.5022","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.5022"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9686_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA FEEDAP Panel (EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed) , Bampidis, V., Bastos, M., Christensen, H., Dusemund, B., Kouba, M., Kos Durjava, M., L\u00f3pez\u2010Alonso, M., L\u00f3pez Puente, S., Marcon, F., Mayo, B., Pechov\u00e1, A., Petkova, M., Ramos, F., Sanz, Y., Villa, R. E., Woutersen, R., Brock, T., de Knecht, J., \u2026 Azimonti, G. (2019a). Guidance on the assessment of the safety of feed additives for the environment. EFSA Journal, 17(4), 5648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5648","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5648"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9686_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA FEEDAP Panel (EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed) , Bampidis, V., Azimonti, G., Bastos, M. L., Christensen, H., Kos Durjava, M., Kouba, M., L\u00f3pez\u2010Alonso, M., L\u00f3pez Puente, S., Marcon, F., Mayo, B., Pechov\u00e1, A., Petkova, M., Ramos, F., Sanz, Y., Villa, R. E., Woutersen, R., Brantom, P., Chesson, A., \u2026 Dusemund, B. (2019b). Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of 26 compounds belonging to chemical group 3 (\u03b1,\u03b2\u2010unsaturated straight\u2010chain and branched\u2010chain aliphatic primary alcohols, aldehydes, acids and esters) when used as flavourings for all animal species and categories. EFSA Journal, 17(3), 5654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5654","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5654"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9686_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA FEEDAP Panel (EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed) , Bampidis, V., Azimonti, G., Bastos, M. L., Christensen, H., Kos Durjava, M., Kouba, M., L\u00f3pez\u2010Alonso, M., L\u00f3pez Puente, S., Marcon, F., Mayo, B., Pechov\u00e1, A., Petkova, M., Ramos, F., Sanz, Y., Villa, R. E., Woutersen, R., Brantom, P., Chesson, A., \u2026 Dusemund, B. (2020a). Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of essential oil, oleoresin and tincture from Zingiber officinale roscoe when used as sensory additives in feed for all animal species. EFSA Journal, 18(6), 6147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6147","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6147"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9686_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA FEEDAP Panel (EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed) , Bampidis, V., Azimonti, G., Bastos, M. L., Christensen, H., Kouba, M., Kos Durjava, M., L\u00f3pez\u2010Alonso, M., L\u00f3pez Puente, S., Marcon, F., Mayo, B., Pechov\u00e1, A., Petkova, M., Ramos, F., Sanz, Y., Villa, R. E., Woutersen, R., Brantom, P., Chesson, A., \u2026 Dusemund, B. (2020b). Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of oct\u20101\u2010en\u20103\u2010ol, pent\u20101\u2010en\u20103\u2010ol, oct\u20101\u2010en\u20103\u2010one, oct\u20101\u2010en\u20103\u2010yl acetate, isopulegol and 5\u2010methylhept\u20102\u2010en\u20104\u2010one, belonging to chemical group 5 and of isopulegone and \u03b1\u2010damascone belonging to chemical group 8 when used as flavourings for all animal species. EFSA Journal, 18(2), 6002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6002","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6002"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9686_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA FEEDAP Panel (EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed) , Bampidis, V., Azimonti, G., Bastos, M. L., Christensen, H., Dusemund, B., Durjava, M. F., Kouba, M., L\u00f3pez\u2010Alonso, M., L\u00f3pez Puente, S., Marcon, F., Mayo, B., Pechov\u00e1, A., Petkova, M., Ramos, F., Sanz, Y., Villa, R. E., Woutersen, R., Brantom, P., \u2026 Manini, P. (2020c). Scientific Opinion on the safety of 31 flavouring compounds belonging to different chemical groups when used as feed additives for all animal species. EFSA Journal, 18(12), 6338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6338","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6338"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9686_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA FEEDAP Panel (EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed) , Bampidis, V., Azimonti, G., Bastos, M. L., Christensen, H., Kouba, M., Fa\u0161mon Durjava, M., L\u00f3pez\u2010Alonso, M., L\u00f3pez Puente, S., Marcon, F., Mayo, B., Pechov\u00e1, A., Petkova, M., Ramos, F., Sanz, Y., Villa, R. E., Woutersen, R., Brantom, P., Chesson, A., \u2026 Dusemund, B. (2021a). Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of feed additives consisting of expressed lemon oil and its fractions from Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck and of lime oil from Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) swingle for use in all animal species. EFSA Journal, 19(4), 6548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6548","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6548"},{"key":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2025.9686_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA FEEDAP Panel (EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed) , Bampidis, V., Azimonti, G., Bastos, M. D. L., Christensen, H., Dusemund, B., Fa\u0161mon Durjava, M., Kouba, M., L\u00f3pez\u2010Alonso, M., L\u00f3pez Puente, S., Marcon, F., Mayo, B., Pechov\u00e1, A., Petkova, M., Ramos, F., Sanz, Y., Villa, R. E., Woutersen, R., Brantom, P., \u2026 Dusemund, B. (2021b). 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