{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T17:59:08Z","timestamp":1777139948865,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Modestum Ltd","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EURASIA J Math Sci Tech Ed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">Computational thinking (CT) is an essential mathematical skill for problem-solving and students\u2019 future lives. It is integrated into the educational curricula of several countries, including Portugal. Therefore, pre-service teachers (PST) must possess didactic knowledge to effectively develop CT in students. The aim of this study encompassed three main objectives: translating and adapting the computational thinking scale into Portuguese (study 1), validating the scale (study 2), and assessing the perceived levels of CT competencies among PST in Portuguese university students while examining differences between undergraduate and master\u2019s level PST (study 3). The sample consisted of study 1 with 43 participants and study 2 and study 3 with 382 participants. In study 1, temporal stability was assessed indicating strong stability. The internal consistency showed good homogeneity of the items. The exploratory factor analysis revealed consistency with the structure of the original scale. In conclusion, the Portuguese version of the CT scale demonstrates adequate psychometric properties, proving valid and reliable for assessing CT in university students. Additionally, significant differences were observed between undergraduate and master\u2019s degree students, underscoring the importance of tailored training programs to meet the specific needs of undergraduate students.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.29333\/ejmste\/15523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T20:21:38Z","timestamp":1729887698000},"page":"em2528","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pre-service teachers\u2019 competencies to develop computational thinking: A Portuguese tool to analyse Computational Thinking"],"prefix":"10.29333","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8072-8453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita Neves","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Coimbra, PORTUGAL"},{"name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, PORTUGAL"},{"name":"Research Center for Didactics and Technology in Trainer Training, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, PORTUGAL"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7074-887X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Brito-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Coimbra, PORTUGAL"},{"name":"inED\u2013Center for Research and Innovation in Education, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Coimbra, PORTUGAL"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9011-0734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Coimbra, PORTUGAL"},{"name":"Research Center for Natural Resources Environment and Society, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Coimbra, PORTUGAL"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9962-562X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cec\u00edlia","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, PORTUGAL"},{"name":"Research Center for Didactics and Technology in Trainer Training, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, PORTUGAL"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1812-2300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Coimbra, PORTUGAL"},{"name":"inED\u2013Center for Research and Innovation in Education, Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Coimbra, PORTUGAL"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Delega\u00e7\u00e3o da Covilh\u00e3, Covilh\u00e3, PORTUGAL"}]}],"member":"11882","reference":[{"key":"459289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angeli, C., & Giannakos, M. (2019). Computational thinking education: Issues and challenges. Computers in Human Behavior, 105, Article 106185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CHB.2019.106185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.106185"},{"key":"459290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ausiku, M., & Matthee, M. (2021). Preparing primary school teachers for teaching computational thinking: A systematic review. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 12511, 202-213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-66906-5_19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-66906-5_19"},{"key":"459291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avc\u0131, C., & Deniz, M. N. (2022). Computational thinking: Early childhood teachers\u2019 and prospective teachers\u2019 preconceptions and self-efficacy. Education and Information Technologies, 27(8), 11689-11713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-022-11078-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11078-5"},{"key":"459292","unstructured":"Balbinotti, M. A. A. (2005). In order to evaluate the expectations, it is necessary to reflect on the validity of psychological tests. Aletheia, 1(21), 43-52."},{"key":"459293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler, D., & Leahy, M. (2021). Developing preservice teachers\u2019 understanding of computational thinking: A constructionist approach. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(3), 1060-1077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjet.13090","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13090"},{"key":"459294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7akir, R., Rosaline, S., & Korkmaz, \u00d6. (2021). Computational thinking skills of Turkish and Indian teacher candidates: A comparative study. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 8(1), 24-37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17220\/ijpes.2021.8.1.226","DOI":"10.17220\/ijpes.2021.8.1.226"},{"key":"459295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7oban, E., & Korkmaz, \u00d6. (2021). An alternative approach for measuring computational thinking: Performance-based platform. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 42, Article 100929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsc.2021.100929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2021.100929"},{"key":"459296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Cruz Alves, N., Gresse Von Wangenheim, C., & Hauck, J. C. R. (2019). Approaches to assess computational thinking competences based on code analysis in K-12 education: A systematic mapping study. Informatics in Education, 18(1), 17-39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15388\/infedu.2019.02","DOI":"10.15388\/infedu.2019.02"},{"key":"459297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, W., Li, Y., Sun, L., & Liu, Y. (2024). Developing pre-service teachers\u2019 computational thinking: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 34(1), 191-227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10798-023-09811-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10798-023-09811-3"},{"key":"459298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Hamamsy, L., Bruno, B., Chessel-Lazzarotto, F., Chevalier, M., Roy, D., Zufferey, J. D., & Mondada, F. (2021). The symbiotic relationship between educational robotics and computer science in formal education. Education and Information Technologies, 26(5), 5077-5107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10494-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10494-3"},{"key":"459299","unstructured":"Ero\u011flu, A. (2008). Factor analyses. In S. Kalayc\u0131 (Ed.), Multivariable statistic techniques with SPSS applications (pp. 321-331). Asil Pub."},{"key":"459300","unstructured":"Espadeiro, R. G. (2021). O pensamento computacional no curr\u00edculo de matem\u00e1tica [Computational thinking in the mathematics curriculum]. Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Matem\u00e1tica, 162, 5-10."},{"key":"459301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinal, A., Vieira, C., & Magana, A. J. (2024). Professional development in computational thinking: A systematic literature review. ACM Transactions on Computing Education, 24(2), Article 27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3648477","DOI":"10.1145\/3648477"},{"key":"459302","unstructured":"F\u00e1vero, L. P., Belfiore, P., Silva, F. L., & Chan, B. L. (2009). An\u00e1lise de dados: Modelagem multivariada para tomada de decis\u00f5es [Data analysis: Multivariate modeling for decision making]. Elsevier."},{"key":"459303","unstructured":"Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). SAGE."},{"key":"459304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grover, S., & Pea, R. (2013). Computational thinking in K-12: A review of the state of the field. Educational Researcher, 42(1), 38-43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0013189X12463051","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X12463051"},{"key":"459305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ha\u015flaman, T., Mumcu, F. K., & Uslu, N. A. (2024). Fostering computational thinking through digital storytelling: A distinctive approach to promoting computational thinking skills of pre-service teachers. Education and Information Technologies. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12583-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12583-5"},{"key":"459306","unstructured":"Hernandez-Nieto, R. (2002). Contributions to statistical analysis. Los Andes University Press."},{"key":"459307","unstructured":"Kaya, E., Yesilyurt, E., Newley, A., & Deniz, H. (2019). Examining the impact of a computational thinking intervention on pre-service elementary science teachers\u2019 computational thinking teaching efficacy beliefs, interest and confidence. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 38(4), 385-392."},{"key":"459308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, S., G\u00f6ko\u011flu, S., & \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, M. (2021). A valid and reliable scale for developing programming-oriented computational thinking. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 59(2), 257-286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0735633120964402","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633120964402"},{"key":"459309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knie, L., Standl, B., & Schwarzer, S. (2022). First experiences of integrating computational thinking into a blended learning in-service training program for STEM teachers. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 30(5), 1423-1439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cae.22529","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.22529"},{"key":"459310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155-163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JCM.2016.02.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"key":"459311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korkmaz, \u00d6., \u00c7akir, R., & \u00d6zden, M. (2017). A validity and reliability study of the computational thinking scales (CTS). Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 558-569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.01.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.01.005"},{"key":"459312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kravik, R., Berg, T., & Siddiq, F. (2022). Teachers\u2019 understanding of programming and computational thinking in primary education\u2013A critical need for professional development. Acta Didactica Norden, 16(4), Article 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5617\/adno.9194","DOI":"10.5617\/adno.9194"},{"key":"459313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Sang, G., Valcke, M., & van Braak, J. (2024a). Computational thinking integrated into the English language curriculum in primary education: A systematic review. Education and Information Technologies. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-024-12522-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12522-4"},{"key":"459314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Sang, G., Valcke, M., & van Braak, J. (2024b). The development of an assessment scale for computational thinking competence of in-service primary school teachers. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 62(6), 1538-1567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07356331241254575","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331241254575"},{"key":"459315","unstructured":"Ling, U. L., Saibin, T. C., Labadin, J., & Aziz, N. A. (2017). Preliminary investigation: Teachers perception on computational thinking concepts. Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, 9(2-9), 23-29."},{"key":"459316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macann, V., & Carvalho, L. (2021). Teachers use of public makerspaces to support students\u2019 development of digital technology competencies. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 56(SUPPL 1), 125-142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40841-020-00190-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s40841-020-00190-0"},{"key":"459317","unstructured":"Mar\u00f4co, J. (2021). An\u00e1lise estat\u00edstica com o SPSS statistics [Statistical analysis with SPSS statistics]. ReportNumber, Lda."},{"key":"459318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menolli, A., & Neto, J. C. (2022). Computational thinking in computer science teacher training courses in Brazil: A survey and a research roadmap. Education and Information Technologies, 27(2), 2099-2135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10667-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10667-0"},{"key":"459319","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o. (2021). Aprendizagens essenciais de matem\u00e1tica [Essential math learnings]. ME."},{"key":"459320","unstructured":"Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"459321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortu\u00f1o Meseguer, G., & Serrano, J. L. (2024). Implementation and training of primary education teachers in computational thinking: A systematic review. RIED-Revista Iberoamericana de Educacion a Distancia, 27(1), 255-287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5944\/ried.27.1.37572","DOI":"10.5944\/ried.27.1.37572"},{"key":"459322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS. Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003117452","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003117452"},{"key":"459323","unstructured":"Papert, S. (1980). Mindstorms: Children, computers, and powerful ideas. Basic Books."},{"key":"459324","unstructured":"Pestana, M. H., & Gageiro, J. N. (2014). An\u00e1lise de dados para ci\u00eancias sociais: A complementaridade do SPSS [Data analysis for social sciences: The complementarity of SPSS]. Edi\u00e7\u00f5es S\u00edlabo, Lda."},{"key":"459325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pewkam, W., & Chamrat, S. (2022). Pre-service teacher training program of STEM-based activities in computing science to develop computational thinking. Informatics in Education, 21(2), 311-329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15388\/infedu.2022.09","DOI":"10.15388\/infedu.2022.09"},{"key":"459326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, T. S. S., & Bhagat, K. K. (2024). Computational thinking for the digital age: A systematic review of tools, pedagogical strategies, and assessment practices. Educational Technology Research and Development, 72(4), 1893-1924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11423-024-10364-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-024-10364-y"},{"key":"459327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rom\u00e1n-Gonz\u00e1lez, M., P\u00e9rez-Gonz\u00e1lez, J. C., & Jim\u00e9nez-Fern\u00e1ndez, C. (2017). Which cognitive abilities underlie computational thinking? Criterion validity of the computational thinking test. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 678-691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CHB.2016.08.047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.08.047"},{"key":"459328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rom\u00e1n-Gonz\u00e1lez, M., P\u00e9rez-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.-C., Moreno-Le\u00f3n, J., & Robles, G. (2018). Can computational talent be detected? Predictive validity of the computational thinking test. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 18, 47-58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcci.2018.06.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcci.2018.06.004"},{"key":"459329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shute, V. J., Sun, C., & Asbell-Clarke, J. (2017). Demystifying computational thinking. Educational Research Review, 22, 142-158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.edurev.2017.09.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2017.09.003"},{"key":"459330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u0131rakaya, M., Alsancak S\u0131rakaya, D., & Korkmaz, \u00d6. (2020). The impact of STEM attitude and thinking style on computational thinking determined via structural equation modeling. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 29(4), 561-572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10956-020-09836-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-020-09836-6"},{"key":"459331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, L., You, X., & Zhou, D. (2023). Evaluation and development of STEAM teachers\u2019 computational thinking skills: Analysis of multiple influential factors. Education and Information Technologies, 28(11), 14493-14527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-023-11777-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11777-7"},{"key":"459332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werner, L., Denner, J., Campe, S., & Kawamoto, D. (2012). The fairy performance assessment: Measuring computational thinking in middle school. In Proceedings of the 43rd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (pp. 215-220). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2157136.2157200","DOI":"10.1145\/2157136.2157200"},{"key":"459333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wing, J. M. (2006). Computational thinking. Communications of the ACM, 49(3), 33-35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1118178.1118215","DOI":"10.1145\/1118178.1118215"},{"key":"459334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, A., Mayfield, C., Zhou, N., Hambrusch, S., & Korb, J. T. (2014). Computational thinking in elementary and secondary teacher education. ACM Transactions on Computing Education, 14(1), Article 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2576872","DOI":"10.1145\/2576872"}],"container-title":["Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ejmste.com\/download\/pre-service-teachers-competencies-to-develop-computational-thinking-a-portuguese-tool-to-analyse-15523.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T20:21:51Z","timestamp":1729887711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ejmste.com\/article\/pre-service-teachers-competencies-to-develop-computational-thinking-a-portuguese-tool-to-analyse-15523"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"alternative-id":["15523"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29333\/ejmste\/15523","relation":{},"ISSN":["1305-8215","1305-8223"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1305-8215","type":"print"},{"value":"1305-8223","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]}}}