{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T07:17:18Z","timestamp":1756192638192,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"International Society of Global Health","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617062400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"background\"> <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title> <jats:p>A unique syndrome affecting young adults of unexplained hearing loss often associated with uncorrectable poor visual acuity and lower extremity numbness is endemic in Dar es Salaam. This study characterised the hearing loss, associated it with other symptoms, and gathered information on potential causes.<\/jats:p> <\/jats:sec> <jats:sec id=\"methods\"> <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title> <jats:p>Forty-seven patients (23 men, 24 women) &lt;40 years old with a symptom consistent with the syndrome, negative syphilis test, and no head injury history were recruited from Muhimbili National Hospital. 18 controls (10 men, 8 women) were recruited from the same neighborhoods as patients. Hearing ability and cochlear outer hair cell function (distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs)) were assessed, as were visual acuity and colour vision. Peripheral neuropathy was evaluated using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI), and physical examination. Blood C-reactive protein levels and toenail trace metal concentrations were measured. Environmental exposures were elicited using a questionnaire. Patients with at least two of the following signs were defined as having the syndrome: poor hearing with normal DPOAEs, vision not correctable to better than 20\/30, or a MNSI score greater than 4.<\/jats:p> <\/jats:sec> <jats:sec id=\"results\"> <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title> <jats:p>29 participants met the case definition. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels did not differ between groups but manganese, cobalt and tin levels were each greater in the cases than controls. No other environmental exposure differences were noted.<\/jats:p> <\/jats:sec> <jats:sec id=\"conclusions\"> <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title> <jats:p>Toenail manganese, cobalt, and tin levels were higher in those with the syndrome. These metals are potential neurotoxins suggesting a possible environmental origin for this unique and debilitating syndrome.<\/jats:p> <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.29392\/001c.21360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T15:46:26Z","timestamp":1617119186000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unexplained multi-sensory neuropathy syndrome in young Tanzanian adults"],"prefix":"10.7189","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6833-837X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enica R.","family":"Massawe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ndeserua","family":"Moshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junkun","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine C.","family":"Rieke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert K.","family":"Magohe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abigail M.","family":"Fellows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enat A.","family":"Arega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher E.","family":"Niemczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian P.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret R.","family":"Karagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jay C.","family":"Buckey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4223","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2478\/intox-2014-0009","article-title":"Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals","volume":"7","author":"M. 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