{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:01:04Z","timestamp":1791172864177,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Society of Nuclear Medicine","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Nucl Med"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.124.267927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T16:10:38Z","timestamp":1739463038000},"page":"509-515","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Computational Nuclear Oncology Toward Precision Radiopharmaceutical Therapies: Current Tools, Techniques, and Uncharted Territories"],"prefix":"10.2967","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Tahir","family":"Yusufaly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Roncali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Brosch-Lenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Uribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhinav K.","family":"Jha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Currie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyita","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"El-Fakhri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"McMeekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeta","family":"Pandit-Taskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jazmin","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuangyu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Strigari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habib","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babak","family":"Saboury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arman","family":"Rahmim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1602","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-0073-9"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.08.035","article-title":"Current status of radiopharmaceutical therapy","volume":"109","author":"St James","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.12.002","article-title":"Overcoming barriers to radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT): an overview from the NRG-NCI working group on dosimetry of radiopharmaceutical therapy","volume":"109","author":"Divgi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30290-9"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2020.07.008","article-title":"Dosimetry for optimized, personalized radiopharmaceutical therapy","volume":"31","author":"Graves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Radiat Oncol."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpet.2021.06.002","article-title":"Role of artificial intelligence in theranostics:: toward routine personalized radiopharmaceutical therapies","volume":"16","author":"Brosch-Lenz","year":"2021","journal-title":"PET Clin."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3404","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.93973","article-title":"Theranostic digital twins: concept, framework and roadmap towards personalized radiopharmaceutical therapies","volume":"14","author":"Abdollahi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062592","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1062592","article-title":"Theranostic digital twins for personalized radiopharmaceutical therapies: reimagining theranostics via computational nuclear oncology","volume":"12","author":"Rahmim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.122.264929"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36S","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.121.262748","article-title":"An international study of factors affecting variability of dosimetry calculations, part 1: design and early results of the SNMMI dosimetry challenge","volume":"62(suppl 3)","author":"Uribe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nucl Med."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.122.265094"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.118.219352"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-018-4209-7","article-title":"Personalized 177Lu-octreotate peptide receptor radionuclide therapy of neuroendocrine tumours: initial results from the P-PRRT trial","volume":"46","author":"Del Prete","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdollahi H Rahmim A . Digital twins for personalized healthcare: application to radiopharmaceutical therapies. Front Biomed Technol. 2023;10:1\u20135.","DOI":"10.18502\/fbt.v10i1.11505"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0193-y","article-title":"Integrating machine learning and multiscale modeling: perspectives, challenges, and opportunities in the biological, biomedical, and behavioral sciences","volume":"2","author":"Alber","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.16","unstructured":"Committee on Foundational Research Gaps and Future Directions for Digital Twins, Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics, Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics, . Foundational Research Gaps and Future Directions for Digital Twins. National Academies Press; 2023:26894."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnmt.117.199638"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2020.07.009","article-title":"Radiopharmaceutical delivery for theranostics: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics","volume":"31","author":"Sunderland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Radiat Oncol."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pouget J-P Lozza C Deshayes E Boudousq V Navarro-Teulon I . Introduction to radiobiology of targeted radionuclide therapy. Front Med. 2015;2:12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2015.00012"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2020.07.002"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05345-9","article-title":"EANM position paper on the role of radiobiology in nuclear medicine","volume":"48","author":"Aerts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s40336-014-0069-8","article-title":"Advanced kinetic modelling strategies: towards adoption in clinical PET imaging","volume":"2","author":"Kotasidis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Transl Imaging."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.23","first-page":"3197","article-title":"Modular model architecture for radiopharmaceutical therapy planning: physiologically-based radiopharmacokinetics (PBRPK) implementation","volume":"63","author":"Paranj","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nucl Med."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7804","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.77279","article-title":"Current use and future potential of (physiologically based) pharmacokinetic modelling of radiopharmaceuticals: a review","volume":"12","author":"Siebinga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s41181-023-00236-w","article-title":"Physiologically based radiopharmacokinetic (PBRPK) modeling to simulate and analyze radiopharmaceutical therapies: studies of non-linearities, multi-bolus injections, and albumin binding","volume":"9","author":"Fele-Paranj","year":"2024","journal-title":"EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-009-9088-1"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.115.065920"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12926","article-title":"Bayesian PBPK modeling using R\/Stan\/Torsten and Julia\/SciML\/Turing.Jl","volume":"12","author":"Elmokadem","year":"2023","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-014-2824-5"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-019-00826-w","article-title":"Internal microdosimetry of alpha-emitting radionuclides","volume":"59","author":"Hofmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat Environ Biophys."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi HH Zaider M . Microdosimetry and Its Applications. Springer; 1996.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-85184-1"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.32","first-page":"303","article-title":"Cellular dosimetry: absorbed fractions for monoenergetic electron and alpha particle sources and S-values for radionuclides uniformly distributed in different cell compartments","volume":"35","author":"Goddu","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Nucl Med."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.108.056036"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235015","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/abbc7e","article-title":"Specific absorbed fractions and radionuclide S-values for tumors of varying size and composition","volume":"65","author":"Olguin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/108497803322285215"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.117.201095","article-title":"Whole-body voxel-based personalized dosimetry: the multiple voxel S-value approach for heterogeneous media with nonuniform activity distributions","volume":"59","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nucl Med."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5284","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13789","article-title":"Dose point kernels for 2,174 radionuclides","volume":"46","author":"Graves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Phys."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3576051"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284558","DOI":"10.3389\/fnume.2023.1284558","article-title":"A fast Monte Carlo cell-by-cell simulation for radiobiological effects in targeted radionuclide therapy using pre-calculated single-particle track standard DNA damage data","volume":"3","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Nucl Med."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2019.07.024","article-title":"Internal dosimetry for TARE therapies by means of GAMOS Monte Carlo simulations","volume":"64","author":"Auditore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys Med."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.41","first-page":"P1447","article-title":"Towards non-tracer kinetic modeling: our past returning through the future [abstract]","volume":"64(suppl 1)","author":"Rahmim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nucl Med."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.111.100123"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.113.122390"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3S","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.121.262749","article-title":"Dosimetry for radiopharmaceutical therapy: current practices and commercial resources","volume":"62(suppl 3)","author":"Capala","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nucl Med."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3063156"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2011.0012"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-023-06252-x","article-title":"The predictive value of pretherapy [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE PET and biomarkers in [177Lu]Lu-PRRT tumor dosimetry","volume":"50","author":"Akhavanallaf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kassar M Drobnjakovic M Birindelli G . PBPK-adapted deep learning for pre-therapy prediction of voxel-wise dosimetry: in-silico proof-of-concept. IEEE Trans Radiat Plasma Med Sci. 2024;8:646\u2013654.","DOI":"10.1109\/TRPMS.2024.3381849"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.49","first-page":"241724","article-title":"Predicting 177Lu-DOTATATE SPECT derived red marrow dosimetry from pretherapy 68Ga-DOTATATE PET and baseline biomarkers [abstract]","volume":"65(suppl 2)","author":"Moreau","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nucl Med."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.184028"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12020426","article-title":"Advantages and applications of total-body PET scanning","volume":"12","author":"Katal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.52","unstructured":"Lee K-N Rahmim A Uribe C . Novel method to estimate kinetic microparameters from dynamic whole-body imaging in regular-axial field-of-view PET scanners. arXiv website. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2404.10197. Published April 16, 2024. Revised May 13, 2024. Accessed February 3, 2025."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2023.103192","article-title":"Time-Activity data fitting in molecular radiotherapy: methodology and pitfalls","volume":"117","author":"Ivashchenko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys Med."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.245068"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0162303","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162303","article-title":"Investigating the effect of ligand amount and injected therapeutic activity: a simulation study for 177Lu-labeled PSMA-targeting peptides","volume":"11","author":"Kletting","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plos One."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20041","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56603-8","article-title":"The effect of ligand amount, affinity and internalization on PSMA-targeted imaging and therapy: a simulation study using a PBPK model","volume":"9","author":"Begum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s40658-020-00311-0","article-title":"Influence of sampling schedules on [177Lu]Lu-PSMA dosimetry","volume":"7","author":"Rinscheid","year":"2020","journal-title":"EJNMMI Phys."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.117.203505"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-015-3248-6","article-title":"The role of patient-based treatment planning in peptide receptor radionuclide therapy","volume":"43","author":"Hardiansyah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.60","unstructured":"Hall EJ . Radiobiology for the Radiologist. 3rd ed. Lippincott; 1988."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.61","unstructured":"Joiner MC van der Kogel AJ , eds. Basic Clinical Radiobiology. 6th ed. CRC Press; 2025."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aaf26a"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-62-740-679"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.07.006","article-title":"Normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models for modern radiation therapy","volume":"46","author":"Palma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Oncol."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3685447","article-title":"The use and QA of biologically related models for treatment planning: short report of the TG-166 of the therapy physics committee of the AAPM\u2014TG-166 report","volume":"39","author":"Allen Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Phys."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-019-1403-0"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meddos.2018.02.013","article-title":"RayStation: external beam treatment planning system","volume":"43","author":"Bodensteiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Dosim."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.01241","article-title":"How can radiopharmaceutical therapies reach their full potential? Improving dose reporting and phase I clinical trial design","volume":"42","author":"Kiess","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.597047"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2022.04.004","article-title":"Basics of physics and radiobiology for radiopharmaceutical therapies","volume":"12","author":"English","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pract Radiat Oncol."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.112.117952"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1667\/RR13483.1","article-title":"Redefining relative biological effectiveness in the context of the EQDX formalism: implications for alpha-particle emitter therapy","volume":"181","author":"Hobbs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiat Res."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.121.263253"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2008.05.003"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.108.058651"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-011-1769-1","article-title":"Three-dimensional radiobiological dosimetry (3D-RD) with 124I PET for 131I therapy of thyroid cancer","volume":"38","author":"Sgouros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.77","unstructured":"Snyder WS Ford MR Warner GG Watson S . MIRD Pamphlet No. 11: S, Absorbed Dose per Unit Cumulated Activity for Selected Radionuclides and Organs. Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging; 1975."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.78","first-page":"62S","article-title":"MIRD pamphlet no. 15: radionuclide S values in a revised dosimetry model of the adult head and brain. Medical internal radiation dose","volume":"40","author":"Bouchet","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Nucl Med."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.79","first-page":"11S","article-title":"MIRD pamphlet no. 17: the dosimetry of nonuniform activity distributions\u2014radionuclide S Values at the voxel level","volume":"40","author":"Bolch","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Nucl Med."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s40658-023-00567-2","article-title":"Estimation of relative biological effectiveness of 225Ac compared to 177Lu during [225Ac]Ac-PSMA and [177Lu]Lu-PSMA radiopharmaceutical therapy using TOPAS\/TOPAS-nBio\/MEDRAS","volume":"10","author":"Rumiantcev","year":"2023","journal-title":"EJNMMI Phys."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064301","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4871617","article-title":"A review of the use and potential of the GATE Monte Carlo simulation code for radiation therapy and dosimetry applications: GATE for dosimetry","volume":"41","author":"Sarrut","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Phys."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sgouros G Hobbs RF Abou DS . The role of preclinical models in radiopharmaceutical therapy. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2014:e121\u2013e125.","DOI":"10.14694\/EdBook_AM.2014.34.e121"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9002(03)01368-8"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arce P Rato P Canadas M Lagares JI . GAMOS: a Geant4-based easy and flexible framework for nuclear medicine applications. In: 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record. IEEE; 2008:3162\u20133168.","DOI":"10.1109\/NSSMIC.2008.4775023"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.15669\/pnst.4.454","article-title":"Recent developments in low-energy electron\/photon transport for MCNP6","volume":"4","author":"Hughes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Nucl Sci Technol."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2022.106831","article-title":"MCNP 6.2 simulations of energy deposition in low-density volumes corresponding to unit-density volumes on the nanometre level","volume":"157","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiat Meas."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2016.00116","article-title":"The FLUKA code: an accurate simulation tool for particle therapy","volume":"6","author":"Battistoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/54\/6\/021","article-title":"PeneloPET, a Monte Carlo PET simulation tool based on PENELOPE: features and validation","volume":"54","author":"Espa\u00f1a","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.89","unstructured":"Nuclear Energy Agency . PENELOPE-2018: A Code System for Monte Carlo Simulation of Electron and Photon Transport. OECD; 2019."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnmt.123.265668"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cbr.2018.2451"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.08.026","article-title":"Toward individualized voxel-level dosimetry for radiopharmaceutical therapy","volume":"109","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73S","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.121.262754","article-title":"Dosimetry for radiopharmaceutical therapy: the European perspective","volume":"62(suppl 3)","author":"Lassmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nucl Med."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.94","first-page":"625","article-title":"Twenty years of radiobiology in clinical practice: the Italian contribution","volume":"100","author":"Strigari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tumori."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2021.11.005","article-title":"From the target cell theory to a more integrated view of radiobiology in targeted radionuclide therapy: the Montpellier group\u2019s experience","volume":"104-105","author":"Pouget","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucl Med Biol."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-03991-1","article-title":"Large-scale in\u00a0vitro microdosimetry via live cell microscopy imaging: implications for radiosensitivity and RBE evaluations in alpha-emitter radiopharmaceutical therapy","volume":"21","author":"Bastiaannet","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Transl Med."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.97","unstructured":"Thacker BH Doebling SW Hemez FM Anderson MC Pepin JE Rodriguez EA . Concepts of Model Verification and Validation. Los Alamos National Laboratory; 2004."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-020-09473-7","article-title":"Unified framework and survey for model verification, validation and uncertainty quantification","volume":"28","author":"Riedmaier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Comput Methods Eng."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-010-1549-3"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2020.11.008","article-title":"Multicentre trials on standardised quantitative imaging and dosimetry for radionuclide therapies","volume":"33","author":"Lassmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-022123-022046","article-title":"Health digital twins in life science and health care innovation","volume":"64","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-024-00607-6"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01073-0","article-title":"Digital twins for health: a scoping review","volume":"7","author":"Katsoulakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021304","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0086789","article-title":"Integrating mechanism-based modeling with biomedical imaging to build practical digital twins for clinical oncology","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biophys Rev (Melville)."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-22-1329"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen J Deng J . Digital twins for radiation oncology. In: Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023. ACM; 2023:989\u2013993.","DOI":"10.1145\/3543873.3587688"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2024.111649","article-title":"Digital twins in dosimetry and radiotherapy, a survey and some applications","volume":"218","author":"Sumini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiat Phys Chem."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enderling H Chaplain M AJ . Mathematical modeling of tumor growth and treatment. Curr Pharm Design. 2014;20:4934\u20134940.","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612819666131125150434"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/10273660008833042","article-title":"Mathematical modelling of tumour invasion and metastasis","volume":"2","author":"Anderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comput Math Methods Med."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2014.04.001"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24169","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24169","article-title":"A stochastic model for immunotherapy of cancer","volume":"6","author":"Baar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-0411-1"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.113","unstructured":"Li X Zhao L Zhang L . Artificial general intelligence for medical imaging analysis. arXiv website. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2306.05480. Published June 8, 2023. Revised November 21, 2024. Accessed February 4, 2025."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05881-4"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-016-0043-6"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riether C Sch\u00fcrch C Ochsenbein A . From \u201cmagic bullets\u201d to specific cancer immunotherapy. Swiss Med Wkly. 2013;143:w13734.","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2013.13734"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/mp200458e"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11020126","article-title":"An overview of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models for forensic science","volume":"11","author":"Fairman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxics."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3390\/ph10010030","article-title":"Current status of radiopharmaceuticals for the theranostics of neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"10","author":"Fani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2022.10.007","article-title":"Radiation dosimetry, artificial intelligence and digital twins: old dog, new tricks","volume":"53","author":"Currie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.121.262305"},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2022.05.004","article-title":"Leading approaches to vascularize kidney constructs in tissue engineering","volume":"19","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Engineering."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaa177","article-title":"Long-term consequences of acute kidney injury: a narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Gameiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13842","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140713842","article-title":"Molecular and functional imaging for detection of lymph node metastases in prostate cancer","volume":"14","author":"Fortuin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"2025040211001541000_66.4.509.125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.122.264453"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nuclear Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.2967\/jnumed.124.267927","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T14:14:38Z","timestamp":1743603278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/jnm.snmjournals.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.2967\/jnumed.124.267927"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2967\/jnumed.124.267927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.124.267927","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-5505","2159-662X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-5505","type":"print"},{"value":"2159-662X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]}}}