{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:03:39Z","timestamp":1787313819084,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wildlife Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Knowing animals' gut retention time (GRT) for important food items is critical when using non\u2010invasive studies based on faecal remains, e.g. when analysing nutritive quality of food, or relating diet or behaviour to movements. We analysed GRT in six captive brown bears\n                    <jats:italic>Ursus arctos<\/jats:italic>\n                    , after feeding on either berries (a mixture of bilberry\n                    <jats:italic>Vaccinium myrtillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and lingonberry\n                    <jats:italic>V. vitis\u2010idaea<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) or animal carcasses (either reindeer\n                    <jats:italic>Rangifer tarandus,<\/jats:italic>\n                    European rabbit\n                    <jats:italic>Oryctolagus cuniculus,<\/jats:italic>\n                    domestic pig\n                    <jats:italic>Sus scrofa domestica,<\/jats:italic>\n                    cattle\n                    <jats:italic>Bos taurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    or horse\n                    <jats:italic>Equus ferus caballus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Median GRT\n                    <jats:sub>50%<\/jats:sub>\n                    (i.e. when 50% of all faeces containing experimental food had been defecated) was 5 hours and 47\u00a0minutes (1st and 3rd quartiles = 4 hours and 36\u00a0minutes and 7 hours and 3\u00a0minutes; N = 20) after feeding on berries and 14 hours and 30\u00a0minutes (1st and 3rd quartiles = 10 hours and 9\u00a0minutes and 16 hours and 57\u00a0minutes; N = 20) after feeding on carcasses. Median GRT\n                    <jats:sub>min<\/jats:sub>\n                    (i.e. first defecation comprised of experimental food) was 3 hours and 5\u00a0minutes (1st and 3rd quartiles = 1 hour and 51\u00a0minutes and 4 hours and 12\u00a0minutes; N = 21) for berries and 8 hours and 2\u00a0minutes (1st and 3rd quartiles = 6 hours and 14\u00a0minutes and 10 hours and 44\u00a0minutes; N = 20) for carcasses. Median GRT\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    (i.e. last defecation comprised of experimental food) was 15 hours and 27\u00a0minutes (1st and 3rd quartiles = 11 hours and 36\u00a0minutes and 17 hours and 16\u00a0minutes; N = 21) for berries and 16 hours and 16\u00a0minutes (1st and 3rd quartiles = 12 hours and 11\u00a0minutes and 17 hours and 27\u00a0minutes; N = 20) for carcasses. A carcass diet had 6 hours and 26\u00a0minutes \u00b1 1 hour and 56\u00a0minutes (SE) longer GRT\n                    <jats:sub>50%<\/jats:sub>\n                    than a berry diet (N = 39), despite low variation in food intake. Activity level, feeding time (midday\/midnight), sex, age (subadult\/adult), ingested amounts of food, prior food remains processed by the gut (i.e. cumulative faeces weight) and defecation rate did not influence the GRT\n                    <jats:sub>50%<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Our reported GRT estimates are reliable values to be used within research and management to relate diet based on faecal remains to habitat use for common and important food items used by Scandinavian brown bears.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2981\/12-121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,18]],"date-time":"2013-10-18T15:14:24Z","timestamp":1382109264000},"page":"317-324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Gut retention time in captive brown bears\n                    <i>Ursus arctos<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Marcus","family":"Elfstr\u00f6m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences POB. 5003 NO\u20101432 \u00c5s Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole\u2010Gunnar","family":"St\u2298en","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Natural 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