{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T22:44:08Z","timestamp":1790030648145,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Mosquito Control Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n is the main vector for dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, Zika, and other arboviruses of public health importance. The presence of\n Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n has never been systematically assessed in Zanzibar, including its preferred larval habitats. In 2016 we conducted a cross-sectional entomological survey to describe the preferred larval habitats of\n Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n in Zanzibar City, the main urban area of the Zanzibar archipelago. The surveys for container habitats were conducted for a 17-wk period beginning in January 2016. Immature stages (larvae and pupae) were collected, reared to adulthood, and identified to species. The positive and potential habitats were categorized on the basis of physical, biological, and chemical parameters. A total of 200 samples were collected, of which 124 (62.0%) were positive for immature stages of mosquitoes and 114 (92%) for\n Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n larvae and pupae. Presence of vegetation (odds ratio [OR] = 2.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19\u20133.74), organic matter (OR = 2.37, 95% CI = 1.21\u20134.60), inorganic matter (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.01\u20133.13), and sun exposure (OR = 2.34, 95% CI = 1.24\u20134.36) were all significantly associated with the presence of immature stages of\n Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n , suggesting that these conditions promote colonization of containers. Plastic containers supported 64% of the immature stages and produced approximately 50% of the pupae. Although immature counts were the highest in discarded artifacts, higher pupal counts were found in domestic water storage containers. Our observations suggest that effective control of\n Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n in Zanzibar City must include improved solid waste management (collection and proper disposal of potential container habitats) and reliable supply of domestic water to minimize water-storing practices that provide larval habitats for\n Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2987\/17-6709.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,19]],"date-time":"2018-10-19T11:25:30Z","timestamp":1539948330000},"page":"190-200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Habitat Characteristics For Immature Stages of Aedes aegypti In Zanzibar City, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.2987","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Fatma","family":"Saleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Health and Medical Sciences, The State University of Zanzibar, PO Box 1898, Zanzibar, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovin","family":"Kitau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flemming","family":"Konradsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Alifrangis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Hsien","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salim","family":"Juma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, The State University of Zanzibar, Zanzibar, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salum Seif","family":"Mchenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory, The State University of Zanzibar, Zanzibar, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thabit","family":"Saadaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Health and Medical Sciences, The State University of Zanzibar, PO Box 1898, Zanzibar, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin Linda","family":"Schi\u00f8ler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1569","reference":[{"key":"i8756-971X-34-3-190-AlvaradoMoreno1","series-title":"Southwest Entomol","first-page":"605","article-title":"Potential community-based control by use of plastic film to block Aedes aegypti (L.) egg adhesion","volume":"38","author":"Alvarado-Moreno \n MS,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alvarado-Moreno \n MS, \n \n \n Laguna-Aguilar \n M, \n \n \n Rodriguez \n OSS, \n \n \n Sanchez-Casas \n RM, \n \n \n Ramirez-Jimenez \n R, \n \n \n Zarate-Nah\u00f3n \n EA, \n \n \n Achee \n N, \n \n \n Grieco \n JP, \n \n \n Fernandez-Salas \n I. \n \n \n 2013. 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Int Health3:115\u2013125."},{"key":"i8756-971X-34-3-190-Nyamah1","series-title":"Trop Biomed","first-page":"33","article-title":"Categorization of potential breeding sites of dengue vectors in Johor, Malaysia","volume":"27","author":"Nyamah \n MA,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nyamah \n MA, \n \n \n Sulaiman \n S, \n \n \n Omar \n B. \n \n \n 2010. Categorization of potential breeding sites of dengue vectors in Johor, Malaysia. Trop Biomed27:33\u201340."},{"key":"i8756-971X-34-3-190-Pastorino1","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"277","article-title":"Epidemic resurgence of Chikungunya virus in Democratic Republic of the Congo: identification of a new central African strain","volume":"74","author":"Pastorino \n B,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pastorino \n B, \n \n \n Muyembe-Tamfum \n J, \n \n \n Bessaud \n M, \n \n \n Tock \n F, \n \n \n Tolou \n H, \n \n \n Durand \n J, \n \n \n Peyrefitte \n C. \n \n \n 2004. 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