{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T07:49:13Z","timestamp":1781855353108,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Mosquito Control Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n        <jats:p>Mosquito surveillance is critical to reduce the risk of West Nile virus (WNV) transmission to humans. In response to surveillance indicators such as elevated mosquito abundance or increased WNV levels, many mosquito control programs will perform truck-mounted ultra-low volume (ULV) adulticide application to reduce the number of mosquitoes and associated virus transmission. Despite the common use of truck-based ULV adulticiding as a public health measure to reduce WNV prevalence, limited evidence exists to support a role in reducing viral transmission to humans. We use a generalized additive and fused ridge regression model to quantify the location-specific impact of truck-mounted ULV adulticide spray efforts from 2010 to 2018 in the North Shore Mosquito Abatement District (NSMAD) in metropolitan Chicago, IL, on commonly assessed risk factors from NSMAD surveillance gravid traps: <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic> abundance, infection rate, and vector index. Our model also takes into account environmental variables commonly associated with WNV, including temperature, precipitation, wind speed, location, and week of year. Since it is unlikely ULV adulticide spraying will have the same impact at each trap location, we use a spatially varying spray effect with a fused ridge penalty to determine how the effect varies by trap location. We found that ULV adulticide spraying has an immediate temporary reduction in abundance followed by an increase after 5 days. It is estimated that mosquito abundance increased more in sprayed areas than if left unsprayed in all but 3 trap locations. The impact on infection rate and vector index were inconclusive due to the large error associated with estimating trap-specific infection rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2987\/21-7036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T22:38:26Z","timestamp":1647038306000},"page":"46-58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Impact of Adulticide on Culex Abundance and Infection Rate in North Shore of Cook County, Illinois"],"prefix":"10.2987","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Danielle","family":"Sass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Clifton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Harbison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Xamplas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1569","reference":[{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Andreadis1","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"137","article-title":"The contribution of Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes to transmission and persistence of West Nile virus in North America","volume":"28","author":"Andreadis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Andreadis\n              TG.\n            \n          \n          2012.\n\t\t\t\t\tThe contribution of Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes to transmission and persistence of West Nile virus in North America.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Mosq Control Assoc28:\n\t\t\t\t\t137\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t151."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Baker1","series-title":"Agric For Meteorol","first-page":"55","article-title":"Base temperature selection for the prediction of European corn borer instars by the growing degree day method","volume":"32","author":"Baker","year":"1984","unstructured":"Baker\n              DG,\n            \n            \n              Sharratt\n              BS,\n            \n            \n              Chiang\n              HC,\n            \n            \n              Zandlo\n              JA,\n            \n            \n              Ruschy\n              DL.\n            \n          \n          1984.\n\t\t\t\t\tBase temperature selection for the prediction of European corn borer instars by the growing degree day method.\n\t\t\t\t\tAgric For Meteorol32:\n\t\t\t\t\t55\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t60."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Brinton1","series-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci","first-page":"207","article-title":"Host factors involved in West Nile virus replication","volume":"951","author":"Brinton","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brinton\n              MA.\n            \n          \n          2001.\n\t\t\t\t\tHost factors involved in West Nile virus replication.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnn NY Acad Sci951:\n\t\t\t\t\t207\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t219."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Burkhalter1","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"21","article-title":"Evaluation of a rapid analyte measurement platform and real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay West Nile virus detection system in mosquito pools","volume":"30","author":"Burkhalter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Burkhalter\n              KL,\n            \n            \n              Horiuchi\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Biggerstaff\n              BJ,\n            \n            \n              Savage\n              HM,\n            \n            \n              Nasci\n              RS.\n            \n          \n          2014.\n\t\t\t\t\tEvaluation of a rapid analyte measurement platform and real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay West Nile virus detection system in mosquito pools.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Mosq Control Assoc30:\n\t\t\t\t\t21\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t30."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Carney1","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"747","article-title":"Efficacy of aerial spraying of mosquito adulticide in reducing incidence of West Nile virus, California, 2005","volume":"14","author":"Carney","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carney\n              RM,\n            \n            \n              Husted\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Jean\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Glaser\n              CA,\n            \n            \n              Kramer\n              VL.\n            \n          \n          2008.\n\t\t\t\t\tEfficacy of aerial spraying of mosquito adulticide in reducing incidence of West Nile virus, California, 2005.\n\t\t\t\t\tEmerg Infect Dis14:\n\t\t\t\t\t747\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t754."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention1","series-title":"West Nile virus in the United States: guidelines for surveillance, prevention, and control","year":"2013","unstructured":"CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention].\n          2013.\n\t\t\t\t\tWest Nile virus in the United States: guidelines for surveillance, prevention, and control[Internet].Fort Collins, CO: Division of Vector-Borne Diseases[accessed March 25, 2021]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/westnile\/resources\/pdfs\/wnvGuidelines.pdf."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention2","series-title":"West Nile virus","year":"2020","unstructured":"CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention].\n          2020.\n\t\t\t\t\tWest Nile virus[Internet].Fort Collins, CO:\n\t\t\t\t\tCenters for Disease Control and Prevention[accessed March 25, 2021]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/westnile."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Chakraborty1","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"19093","article-title":"Error associated with estimates of minimum infection rate for endemic West Nile virus in areas of low mosquito trap density","volume":"9","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chakraborty\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Smith\n              RL.\n            \n          \n          2019.\n\t\t\t\t\tError associated with estimates of minimum infection rate for endemic West Nile virus in areas of low mosquito trap density.\n\t\t\t\t\tSci Rep9:\n\t\t\t\t\t19093."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Clifton1","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"267","article-title":"Gravid Culex pipiens exhibit a reduced susceptibility to ultra-low volume adult control treatments under field conditions","volume":"35","author":"Clifton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Clifton\n              ME,\n            \n            \n              Xamplas\n              CP,\n            \n            \n              Nasci\n              RS,\n            \n            \n              Harbison\n              J.\n            \n          \n          2019.\n\t\t\t\t\tGravid Culex pipiens exhibit a reduced susceptibility to ultra-low volume adult control treatments under field conditions.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Mosq Control Assoc35:\n\t\t\t\t\t267\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t278."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Cohnstaedt1","series-title":"J Vector Ecol","first-page":"395","article-title":"Effects of sublethal pyrethroid exposure on the host-seeking behavior of female mosquitoes","volume":"36","author":"Cohnstaedt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cohnstaedt\n              LW,\n            \n            \n              Allan\n              SA.\n            \n          \n          2011.\n\t\t\t\t\tEffects of sublethal pyrethroid exposure on the host-seeking behavior of female mosquitoes.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vector Ecol36:\n\t\t\t\t\t395\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t403."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Cooperband1","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"292","article-title":"Effects of different pyrethroids on landing behavior of female Aedes aegypti, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"46","author":"Cooperband","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cooperband\n              MF,\n            \n            \n              Allan\n              SA.\n            \n          \n          2009.\n\t\t\t\t\tEffects of different pyrethroids on landing behavior of female Aedes aegypti, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae).\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Med Entomol46:\n\t\t\t\t\t292\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t306."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Cragg1","series-title":"Econometrica","first-page":"829","article-title":"Some statistical models for limited dependent variables with application to the demand for durable goods","volume":"39","author":"Cragg","year":"1971","unstructured":"Cragg\n              JG.\n            \n          \n          1971.\n\t\t\t\t\tSome statistical models for limited dependent variables with application to the demand for durable goods.\n\t\t\t\t\tEconometrica39:\n\t\t\t\t\t829\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t844."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Demetrio1","series-title":"Ecological modelling applied to entomology, entomology in focus. Volume 1","article-title":"Models for overdispersal data in entomology","author":"Dem\u00e9trio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dem\u00e9trio\n              CGB,\n            \n            \n              Hinde\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Moral\n              RA.\n            \n          \n          2014.\n\t\t\t\t\tModels for overdispersal data in entomology.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:FerreiraC,GodoyW,eds.Ecological modelling applied to entomology, entomology in focus. Volume 1.\n\t\t\t\t\tCham, Switzerland:\n\t\t\t\t\tSpringer."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Drexler1","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"e64458","article-title":"Generalized additive models used to predict species abundance in the Gulf of Mexico: an ecosystem modeling tool","volume":"8","author":"Drexler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Drexler\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Ainsworth\n              CH.\n            \n          \n          2013.\n\t\t\t\t\tGeneralized additive models used to predict species abundance in the Gulf of Mexico: an ecosystem modeling tool.\n\t\t\t\t\tPLoS ONE8:\n\t\t\t\t\te64458."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Eliason1","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"371","article-title":"Apparent influence of the stage of blood meal digestion on the efficacy of ground applied ULV aerosols for the control of urban Culex mosquitoes. II. Laboratory evidence","volume":"6","author":"Eliason","year":"1990","unstructured":"Eliason\n              DA,\n            \n            \n              Campos\n              EG,\n            \n            \n              Moore\n              CG,\n            \n            \n              Reiter\n              P.\n            \n          \n          1990.\n\t\t\t\t\tApparent influence of the stage of blood meal digestion on the efficacy of ground applied ULV aerosols for the control of urban Culex mosquitoes. II. Laboratory evidence.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Mosq Control Assoc6:\n\t\t\t\t\t371\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t375."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Falk1","series-title":"Environ Ecol Stat","first-page":"207","article-title":"A Bayesian hurdle model for analysis of an insect resistance monitoring database","volume":"22","author":"Falk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Falk\n              MG,\n            \n            \n              O'Leary\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Nayak\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Collins\n              P, Low Choy S.\n            \n          \n          2015.\n\t\t\t\t\tA Bayesian hurdle model for analysis of an insect resistance monitoring database.\n\t\t\t\t\tEnviron Ecol Stat22:\n\t\t\t\t\t207\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t226."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Focks1","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"639","article-title":"The impact of sequential ultra-low volume ground aerosol applications of malathion on the population dynamics of Aedes aegypti (L.)","volume":"36","author":"Focks","year":"1987","unstructured":"Focks\n              DA,\n            \n            \n              Kloter\n              KO,\n            \n            \n              Carmichael\n              GT.\n            \n          \n          1987.\n\t\t\t\t\tThe impact of sequential ultra-low volume ground aerosol applications of malathion on the population dynamics of Aedes aegypti (L.).\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Trop Med Hyg36:\n\t\t\t\t\t639\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t647."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Fox1","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"163","article-title":"Evaluating ultra-low volume ground applications of malathion against Aedes aegypti using landing counts in Puerto Rico, 1980\u201384","volume":"4","author":"Fox","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fox\n              I,\n            \n            \n              Specht\n              P.\n            \n          \n          1988.\n\t\t\t\t\tEvaluating ultra-low volume ground applications of malathion against Aedes aegypti using landing counts in Puerto Rico, 1980\u201384.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Mosq Control Assoc4:\n\t\t\t\t\t163\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t167."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Goeman1","series-title":"Biom J","first-page":"70","article-title":"L1 penalized estimation in the Cox proportional hazards model","volume":"52","author":"Goeman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goeman\n              JJ.\n            \n          \n          2010.\n\t\t\t\t\tL1 penalized estimation in the Cox proportional hazards model.\n\t\t\t\t\tBiom J52:\n\t\t\t\t\t70\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t84."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Gu1","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"595","article-title":"Problems in estimating mosquito infection rates using minimum infection rates","volume":"40","author":"Gu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gu\n              W,\n            \n            \n              Lampman\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Novak\n              RJ.\n            \n          \n          2003.\n\t\t\t\t\tProblems in estimating mosquito infection rates using minimum infection rates.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Med Entomol40:\n\t\t\t\t\t595\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t596."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Gu2","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"200","article-title":"Assessment of arbovirus vector infection rates using variable size pooling","volume":"18","author":"Gu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gu\n              W,\n            \n            \n              Lampman\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Novak\n              RJ.\n            \n          \n          2004.\n\t\t\t\t\tAssessment of arbovirus vector infection rates using variable size pooling.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Vet Entomol18:\n\t\t\t\t\t200\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t204."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Hastie1","series-title":"Generalized additive models","author":"Hastie","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hastie\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Tibshirani\n              R.\n            \n          \n          1990.\n\t\t\t\t\tGeneralized additive models.\n\t\t\t\t\tNew York, NY:\n\t\t\t\t\tChapman and Hall."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Halliday1","series-title":"Pestic Biochem Phys","first-page":"172","article-title":"Why does DDT toxicity change after a blood meal in adult female Culex pipiens?","volume":"28","author":"Halliday","year":"1987","unstructured":"Halliday\n              WR,\n            \n            \n              Feyereisen\n              R.\n            \n          \n          1987.\n\t\t\t\t\tWhy does DDT toxicity change after a blood meal in adult female Culex pipiens?Pestic Biochem Phys28:\n\t\t\t\t\t172\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t181."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Holcomb1","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"120","article-title":"Spatio-temporal impacts of aerial adulticide applications on populations of West Nile virus vector mosquitoes","volume":"14","author":"Holcomb","year":"2021","unstructured":"Holcomb\n              KM,\n            \n            \n              Reiner\n              RC,\n            \n            \n              Barker\n              CM.\n            \n          \n          2021.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpatio-temporal impacts of aerial adulticide applications on populations of West Nile virus vector mosquitoes.\n\t\t\t\t\tParasit Vectors14:\n\t\t\t\t\t120."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Karki1","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"e0227160","article-title":"The drivers of West Nile virus human illness in the Chicago, Illinois, USA area: fine scale dynamic effects of weather, mosquito infection, social, and biological conditions","volume":"15","author":"Karki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karki\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Brown\n              WM,\n            \n            \n              Uelmen\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Ruiz\n              MO,\n            \n            \n              Smith\n              RL.\n            \n          \n          2020.\n\t\t\t\t\tThe drivers of West Nile virus human illness in the Chicago, Illinois, USA area: fine scale dynamic effects of weather, mosquito infection, social, and biological conditions.\n\t\t\t\t\tPLoS ONE15:\n\t\t\t\t\te0227160."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Kassahun1","series-title":"Stat Med","first-page":"4402","article-title":"Marginalized multilevel hurdle and zero-inflated models for overdispersed and correlated count data with excess zeros","volume":"33","author":"Kassahun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kassahun\n              W,\n            \n            \n              Neyens\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Molenberghs\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Faes\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Verbeke\n              G.\n            \n          \n          2014.\n\t\t\t\t\tMarginalized multilevel hurdle and zero-inflated models for overdispersed and correlated count data with excess zeros.\n\t\t\t\t\tStat Med33:\n\t\t\t\t\t4402\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t4419."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Keyel1","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0009653","article-title":"A proposed framework for the development and qualitative evaluation of West Nile virus models and their application to local public health decision-making","volume":"15","author":"Keyel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keyel\n              AC,\n            \n            \n              Gorris\n              ME,\n            \n            \n              Rochlin\n              I,\n            \n            \n              Uelmen\n              JA,\n            \n            \n              Chaves\n              LF,\n            \n            \n              Hamer\n              GL,\n            \n            \n              Moise\n              IK,\n            \n            \n              Shocket\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Kilpatrick\n              AM,\n            \n            \n              DeFelice\n              NB,\n            \n            \n              Davis\n              JK,\n            \n            \n              Little\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Irwin\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Tyre\n              AJ,\n            \n            \n              Smith\n              KH,\n            \n            \n              Fredregill\n              CL,\n            \n            \n              Timm\n              OE,\n            \n            \n              Holcomb\n              KM,\n            \n            \n              Wimberly\n              MC,\n            \n            \n              Ward\n              MJ,\n            \n            \n              Barker\n              CM,\n            \n            \n              Rhodes\n              CG,\n            \n            \n              Smith\n              RL.\n            \n          \n          2021.\n\t\t\t\t\tA proposed framework for the development and qualitative evaluation of West Nile virus models and their application to local public health decision-making.\n\t\t\t\t\tPLoS Negl Trop Dis15:\n\t\t\t\t\te0009653."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Kunkel1","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"168","article-title":"Modeling the impact of variable climatic factors on the crossover of Culex restauns and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae), vectors of West Nile virus in Illinois","volume":"74","author":"Kunkel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kunkel\n              KE,\n            \n            \n              Novak\n              RJ,\n            \n            \n              Lampman\n              RL,\n            \n            \n              Gu\n              WD.\n            \n          \n          2006.\n\t\t\t\t\tModeling the impact of variable climatic factors on the crossover of Culex restauns and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae), vectors of West Nile virus in Illinois.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Trop Med Hyg74:\n\t\t\t\t\t168\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t173."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Lanciotti1","series-title":"Science","first-page":"2333","article-title":"Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States","volume":"286","author":"Lanciotti","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lanciotti\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Roehrig\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Deubel\n              V,\n            \n            \n              Smith\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Parker\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Steele\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Crise\n              B,\n            \n            \n              Volpe\n              KE,\n            \n            \n              Crabtree\n              MB,\n            \n            \n              Scherret\n              JH,\n            \n            \n              Hall\n              RA,\n            \n            \n              MacKenzie\n              JS,\n            \n            \n              Cropp\n              CB,\n            \n            \n              Panigrahy\n              B,\n            \n            \n              Ostlund\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Schmitt\n              B,\n            \n            \n              Malkinson\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Banet\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Weissman\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Komar\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Savage\n              HM,\n            \n            \n              Stone\n              W,\n            \n            \n              McNamara\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Gubler\n              DJ.\n            \n          \n          1999.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrigin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States.\n\t\t\t\t\tScience286:\n\t\t\t\t\t2333\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2337."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Li1","series-title":"J Am Stat Assoc","first-page":"1050","article-title":"Spatial homogeneity pursuit of regression coefficients for large datasets","volume":"114","author":"Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li\n              F,\n            \n            \n              Sang\n              H.\n            \n          \n          2019.\n\t\t\t\t\tSpatial homogeneity pursuit of regression coefficients for large datasets.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Stat Assoc114:\n\t\t\t\t\t1050\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1062."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Mitchell1","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"85","article-title":"Effects of ultra-low volume applications of malathion in Hale County, Texas. II. Mosquito populations in treated and untreated areas","volume":"7","author":"Mitchell","year":"1970","unstructured":"Mitchell\n              CJ,\n            \n            \n              Kilpatrick\n              JW,\n            \n            \n              Hayes\n              RO,\n            \n            \n              Curry\n              HW.\n            \n          \n          1970.\n\t\t\t\t\tEffects of ultra-low volume applications of malathion in Hale County, Texas. II. Mosquito populations in treated and untreated areas.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Med Entomol7:\n\t\t\t\t\t85\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t91."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Moore1","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"376","article-title":"Apparent influence of the stage of blood meal digestion on the efficacy of ground applied ULV aerosols for the control of urban Culex mosquitoes. III. Results of a computer simulation","volume":"6","author":"Moore","year":"1990","unstructured":"Moore\n              CG,\n            \n            \n              Reiter\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Eliason\n              DA,\n            \n            \n              Bailey\n              RE,\n            \n            \n              Campos\n              EG.\n            \n          \n          1990.\n\t\t\t\t\tApparent influence of the stage of blood meal digestion on the efficacy of ground applied ULV aerosols for the control of urban Culex mosquitoes. III. Results of a computer simulation.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Mosq Control Assoc6:\n\t\t\t\t\t376\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t383."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Mutebi1","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"69","article-title":"The impact of adulticide applications on mosquito density in Chicago, 2005","volume":"27","author":"Mutebi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mutebi\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Delorey\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Jones\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Plate\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Gerber\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Gibbs\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Sun\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Cohen\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Paul\n              W.\n            \n          \n          2011.\n\t\t\t\t\tThe impact of adulticide applications on mosquito density in Chicago, 2005.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Mosq Control Assoc27:\n\t\t\t\t\t69\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t76."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Nasci1","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"1516","article-title":"Reducing West Nile virus risk through vector management","volume":"56","author":"Nasci","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nasci\n              RS,\n            \n            \n              Mutebi\n              JP.\n            \n          \n          2019.\n\t\t\t\t\tReducing West Nile virus risk through vector management.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Med Entomol56:\n\t\t\t\t\t1516\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1521."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-NorthShoreMosquitoAbatementDistrict1","series-title":"West Nile virus","year":"2021","unstructured":"NSMAD [North Shore Mosquito Abatement District].\n          2021.\n\t\t\t\t\tWest Nile virus[Internet].Northfield, IL: North Shore Mosquito Abatement District[accessed March 25, 2021]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nsmad.com."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Pawelek1","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"e108452","article-title":"Modeling dynamics of Culex pipiens complex populations and assessing abatement strategies for West Nile virus","volume":"9","author":"Pawelek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pawelek\n              KA,\n            \n            \n              Niehaus\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Salmeron\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Hager\n              EJ,\n            \n            \n              Hunt\n              GJ.\n            \n          \n          2014.\n\t\t\t\t\tModeling dynamics of Culex pipiens complex populations and assessing abatement strategies for West Nile virus.\n\t\t\t\t\tPLoS ONE9:\n\t\t\t\t\te108452."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-RCoreTeam1","series-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing [Internet]","year":"2020","unstructured":"R Core Team.\n          2020.\n\t\t\t\t\tR: a language and environment for statistical computing [Internet].\n\t\t\t\t\tVienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing [accessed March 25, 2021]. Available from:https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Reddy1","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"117","article-title":"Efficacy of resmethrin aerosols applied from the road for suppressing Culex vectors of West Nile virus","volume":"6","author":"Reddy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reddy\n              MR,\n            \n            \n              Spielman\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Lepore\n              TJ,\n            \n            \n              Henley\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Kiszewski\n              AE,\n            \n            \n              Reiter\n              P.\n            \n          \n          2006.\n\t\t\t\t\tEfficacy of resmethrin aerosols applied from the road for suppressing Culex vectors of West Nile virus.\n\t\t\t\t\tVector Borne Zoonotic Dis6:\n\t\t\t\t\t117\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t127."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Ruiz1","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"19","article-title":"Local impact of temperature and precipitation on West Nile virus infection in Culex species mosquitoes in northeast Illinois, USA","volume":"3","author":"Ruiz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruiz\n              MO,\n            \n            \n              Chaves\n              LF,\n            \n            \n              Hamer\n              GL,\n            \n            \n              Sun\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Brown\n              WM,\n            \n            \n              Walker\n              ED,\n            \n            \n              Haramis\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Goldberg\n              TL,\n            \n            \n              Kitron\n              UD.\n            \n          \n          2010.\n\t\t\t\t\tLocal impact of temperature and precipitation on West Nile virus infection in Culex species mosquitoes in northeast Illinois, USA.\n\t\t\t\t\tParasit Vectors3:\n\t\t\t\t\t19."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Sass1","series-title":"J Comput Graph Stat","first-page":"1124","article-title":"Flexible and fast spatial return level estimation via a spatially-fused penalty","volume":"30","author":"Sass","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sass\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Li\n              B,\n            \n            \n              Reich\n              BJ.\n            \n          \n          2021.\n\t\t\t\t\tFlexible and fast spatial return level estimation via a spatially-fused penalty.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Comput Graph Stat30:\n\t\t\t\t\t1124\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1142.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10618600.2021.1938584"},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Shand1","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"935","article-title":"Predicting West Nile virus infection risk from the synergistic effects of rainfall and temperature","volume":"53","author":"Shand","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shand\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Brown\n              WM,\n            \n            \n              Chaves\n              LF,\n            \n            \n              Goldberg\n              TL,\n            \n            \n              Hamer\n              GL,\n            \n            \n              Haramis\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Kitron\n              U,\n            \n            \n              Walker\n              ED,\n            \n            \n              Ruiz\n              MO.\n            \n          \n          2016.\n\t\t\t\t\tPredicting West Nile virus infection risk from the synergistic effects of rainfall and temperature.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Med Entomol53:\n\t\t\t\t\t935\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t944."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Tansey1","series-title":"J Am Stat Assoc","first-page":"1156","article-title":"False discovery rate smoothing","volume":"113","author":"Tansey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tansey\n              W,\n            \n            \n              Koyejo\n              O,\n            \n            \n              Poldrack\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Scott\n              J.\n            \n          \n          2018.\n\t\t\t\t\tFalse discovery rate smoothing.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Stat Assoc113:\n\t\t\t\t\t1156\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1171."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Walsh1","series-title":"Environ Ecol Stat","first-page":"279","article-title":"Predicting seasonal abundance of mosquitoes based on off-season meteorological conditions","volume":"15","author":"Walsh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Walsh\n              AS,\n            \n            \n              Glass\n              GE,\n            \n            \n              Lesser\n              CR,\n            \n            \n              Curriero\n              FC.\n            \n          \n          2008.\n\t\t\t\t\tPredicting seasonal abundance of mosquitoes based on off-season meteorological conditions.\n\t\t\t\t\tEnviron Ecol Stat15:\n\t\t\t\t\t279\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t291."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Walter1","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"124","article-title":"Estimation of infection rates in populations of organisms using pools of variable size","volume":"112","author":"Walter","year":"1980","unstructured":"Walter\n              SD,\n            \n            \n              Hildreth\n              SW,\n            \n            \n              Beaty\n              BJ.\n            \n          \n          1980.\n\t\t\t\t\tEstimation of infection rates in populations of organisms using pools of variable size.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Epidemiol112:\n\t\t\t\t\t124\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t128."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Wong1","series-title":"J Am Stat Assoc","first-page":"406","article-title":"Partially linear functional additive models for multivariate functional data","volume":"114","author":"Wong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wong\n              RKW,\n            \n            \n              Li\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Zhu\n              Z.\n            \n          \n          2019.\n\t\t\t\t\tPartially linear functional additive models for multivariate functional data.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Stat Assoc114:\n\t\t\t\t\t406\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t418."},{"key":"i1943-6270-38-1-46-Wood1","series-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B","first-page":"95","article-title":"Thin plate regression splines","volume":"64","author":"Wood","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wood\n              SN.\n            \n          \n          2003.\n\t\t\t\t\tThin plate regression splines.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ R Stat Soc Ser B64:\n\t\t\t\t\t95\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t114."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamca.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/moco\/38\/1\/article-p46.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jamca\/article-pdf\/38\/1\/46\/3027913\/i1943-6270-38-1-46.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jamca.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/moco\/38\/1\/article-p46.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jamca.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/moco\/38\/1\/article-p46.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:39:50Z","timestamp":1747355990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamca.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/moco\/38\/1\/article-p46.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2987\/21-7036","relation":{},"ISSN":["1943-6270","8756-971X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1943-6270","type":"electronic"},{"value":"8756-971X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}}}