{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T13:03:12Z","timestamp":1789650192727,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Mosquito Control Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n        <jats:p>We report the efficacy of a commercial formulation of the insecticide spinosad against larvae of <jats:italic>Anopheles stephensi<\/jats:italic> populations found in the city of Jigjiga, Somali Region, eastern Ethiopia. Batches of 25 larvae (late III to early IV instars) collected from large water storage reservoirs associated with construction sites (the primary <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic> larval site in the dry season) were tested under laboratory conditions against each insecticide at a dose recommended by the manufacturer (Natular\u00ae G30, 0.02 g\/5 liter), following World Health Organization guidelines. Mortality at 24\u201348 h postexposure was 100%. Results show that spinosad is effective against <jats:italic>An. stephensi<\/jats:italic> larvae and suggest that it may be a useful tool as part of larval source management plans aimed at controlling this invasive malaria vector in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2987\/23-7141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T11:22:32Z","timestamp":1702293752000},"page":"284-287","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Laboratory Evaluation of Efficacy of the Larvicide Spinosad Against AnophelesStephensi in Jigjiga, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.2987","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Gonzalez-Olvera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon","family":"Yared","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esayas","family":"Aklilu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Araya","family":"Gebresilassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilbert","family":"Bibiano-Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azael","family":"Che-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Kirstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo M.","family":"Vazquez-Prokopec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Manrique-Saide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1569","reference":[{"key":"i1943-6270-39-4-284-ref01","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"53","article-title":"Truck-mounted Natular 2EC (spinosad) ULV residual treatment in a simulated urban environment to control Aedes Aegypti and Aedes albopictus in North Florida","volume":"34","author":"Aldridge","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aldridge\n              RL,\n            \n            \n              Golden\n              FV,\n            \n            \n              Britch\n              SC,\n            \n            \n              Blersch\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Linthicum\n              KJ.\n            \n          \n          2018.\nTruck-mounted Natular 2EC (spinosad) ULV residual treatment in a simulated urban environment to control Aedes Aegypti and Aedes albopictus in North Florida.\nJ Am Mosq Control Assoc34:\n53\u201357."},{"key":"i1943-6270-39-4-284-ref02","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"35","article-title":"Geographical distribution of Anopheles stephensi in eastern Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Balkew","year":"2020","unstructured":"Balkew\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Mumba\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Dengela\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Yohannes\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Getachew\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Yared\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Chibsa\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Murphy\n              M,\n            \n            \n              George\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Lopez\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Janies\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Choi\n              SH,\n            \n            \n              Spear\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Irish\n              SR,\n            \n            \n              Carter\n              TE.\n            \n          \n          2020.\nGeographical distribution of Anopheles stephensi in eastern Ethiopia.\nParasit Vectors13:\n35."},{"key":"i1943-6270-39-4-284-ref03","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"263","article-title":"An update on the distribution, bionomics, and insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi in Ethiopia, 2018\u20132020","volume":"20","author":"Balkew","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balkew\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Mumba\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Yohannes\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Abiy\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Getachew\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Yared\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Worku\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Gebresilassie\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Tadesse\n              FG,\n            \n            \n              Gadisa\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Esayas\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Ashine\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Ejeta\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Dugassa\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Yohannes\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Lemma\n              W,\n            \n            \n              Yewhalaw\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Chibsa\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Teka\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Murphy\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Yoshimizu\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Dengela\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Zohdy\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Irish\n              S.\n            \n          \n          2021.\nAn update on the distribution, bionomics, and insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi in Ethiopia, 2018\u20132020.\nMalar J20:\n263."},{"key":"i1943-6270-39-4-284-ref04","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"58","article-title":"Ultra-low volume application of spinosad (Natular 2EC) larvicide as a residual in a tropical environment against Aedes and Anopheles species","volume":"34","author":"Britch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Britch\n              SC,\n            \n            \n              Linthicum\n              KJ,\n            \n            \n              Aldridge\n              RL,\n            \n            \n              Golden\n              FV,\n            \n            \n              Pongsiri\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Khongtak\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Ponlawat\n              A.\n            \n          \n          2018.\nUltra-low volume application of spinosad (Natular 2EC) larvicide as a residual in a tropical environment against Aedes and Anopheles species.\nJ Am Mosq Control Assoc34:\n58\u201362."},{"key":"i1943-6270-39-4-284-ref05","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"180","article-title":"First detection of Anopheles stephensi Liston, 1901 (Diptera: culicidae) in Ethiopia using molecular and morphological approaches","volume":"188","author":"Carter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carter\n              TE,\n            \n            \n              Yared\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Gebresilassie\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Bonnell\n              V,\n            \n            \n              Damodaran\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Lopez\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Ibrahim\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Mohammed\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Janies\n              D.\n            \n          \n          2018.\nFirst detection of Anopheles stephensi Liston, 1901 (Diptera: culicidae) in Ethiopia using molecular and morphological approaches.\nActa Trop188:\n180\u2013186."},{"key":"i1943-6270-39-4-284-ref06","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"70","article-title":"Key to the females of Afrotropical Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"19","author":"Coetzee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coetzee\n              M.\n            \n          \n          2020.\nKey to the females of Afrotropical Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae).\nMalar J19:\n70."},{"key":"i1943-6270-39-4-284-ref07","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"436","article-title":"Efficacy of extended release formulations of Natular (spinosad) against larvae and adults of Anopheles mosquitoes in western Kenya","volume":"19","author":"Gimnig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gimnig\n              JE,\n            \n            \n              Ombok\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Bayoh\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Mathias\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Ochomo\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Jany\n              W,\n            \n            \n              Walker\n              ED.\n            \n          \n          2020.\nEfficacy of extended release formulations of Natular (spinosad) against larvae and adults of Anopheles mosquitoes in western Kenya.\nMalar J19:\n436."},{"key":"i1943-6270-39-4-284-ref08","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"63","article-title":"Ultra-low volume application of spinosad (Natular 2EC) as a residual in a hot-arid environment against Aedes aegypti","volume":"34","author":"Golden","year":"2018","unstructured":"Golden\n              FV,\n            \n            \n              Britch\n              SC,\n            \n            \n              Aldridge\n              RL,\n            \n            \n              Wittie\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Gutierrez\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Snelling\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Henke\n              JA,\n            \n            \n              Linthicum\n              KJ.\n            \n          \n          2018.\nUltra-low volume application of spinosad (Natular 2EC) as a residual in a hot-arid environment against Aedes aegypti.\nJ Am Mosq Control Assoc34:\n63\u201366."},{"key":"i1943-6270-39-4-284-ref09","series-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med","first-page":"614","article-title":"Spinosad and neem seed kernel extract as bio-controlling agents for malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi and non-biting midge, Chironomus circumdatus","volume":"4","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kumar\n              AN,\n            \n            \n              Murugan\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Madhiyazhagan\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Prabhu\n              K.\n            \n          \n          2011.\nSpinosad and neem seed kernel extract as bio-controlling agents for malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi and non-biting midge, Chironomus circumdatus.\nAsian Pac J Trop Med4:\n614\u2013618."},{"key":"i1943-6270-39-4-284-ref10","series-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med","first-page":"610","article-title":"Larvicidal and pupicidal activity of spinosad against the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi","volume":"4","author":"Prabhu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Prabhu\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Murugan\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Nareshkumar\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Bragadeeswaran\n              S.\n            \n          \n          2011.\nLarvicidal and pupicidal activity of spinosad against the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi.\nAsian Pac J Trop Med4:\n610\u2013613."},{"key":"i1943-6270-39-4-284-ref11","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"24900","article-title":"A new malaria vector in Africa: predicting the expansion range of Anopheles stephensi and identifying the urban populations at risk","volume":"117","author":"Sinka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sinka\n              ME,\n            \n            \n              Pironon\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Massey\n              NC,\n            \n          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Yohannes\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Irish\n              SR,\n            \n            \n              Zohdy\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Dugassa\n              S.\n            \n          \n          2023.\nLaboratory-based efficacy evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and temephos larvicides against larvae of Anopheles stephensi in Ethiopia.\nMalar J22:\n48."},{"key":"i1943-6270-39-4-284-ref13","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"e2216142120","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics of Anopheles stephensi and its implications for mosquito detection and emergent malaria control in the Horn of Africa","volume":"120","author":"Whittaker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Whittaker\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Hamlet\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Sherrard-Smith\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Winskill\n     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Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/90976."},{"key":"i1943-6270-39-4-284-ref17","article-title":"WHO initiative to stop the spread of Anopheles stephensi in Africa [Internet]","author":"WHO [World Health Organization]","year":"2022","unstructured":"WHO [World Health Organization]\n          .\n2022.\nWHO initiative to stop the spread of Anopheles stephensi in Africa [Internet].\nGeneva, Switzerland:\nWorld Health Organization.\n[accessed July 8, 2023]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-UCN-GMP-2022.06."},{"key":"i1943-6270-39-4-284-ref18","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"180","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in Anopheles stephensi in Somali Region, eastern Ethiopia","volume":"19","author":"Yared","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yared\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Gebressielasie\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Damodaran\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Bonnell\n              V,\n            \n            \n              Lopez\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Janies\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Carter\n              TE.\n            \n          \n          2020.\nInsecticide resistance in Anopheles stephensi in Somali Region, eastern Ethiopia.\nMalar J19:\n180."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamca.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/moco\/39\/4\/article-p284.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jamca\/article-pdf\/39\/4\/284\/3301734\/i1943-6270-39-4-284.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jamca.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/moco\/39\/4\/article-p284.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jamca.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/moco\/39\/4\/article-p284.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:41:51Z","timestamp":1747356111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamca.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/moco\/39\/4\/article-p284.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2987\/23-7141","relation":{},"ISSN":["1943-6270","8756-971X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1943-6270","type":"electronic"},{"value":"8756-971X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}}}