{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:31:33Z","timestamp":1790620293603,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"American Mosquito Control Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Dengue virus (DENV) poses an escalating public health threat in both endemic and non-endemic regions, driven by globalization, urbanization, and climate change. Early detection of dengue outbreaks remains a critical component in mitigating the impact of this rapidly spreading arboviral disease. Traditional surveillance approaches rely primarily on clinical case reports, which often lag behind the actual onset of transmission. Because of the lag, intensive vector control response would be delayed and become ineffective to contain the transmission promptly. This calls for the need for mosquito-based DENV surveillance even in low transmission or epidemic-prone settings. This review explores the growing body of evidence supporting mosquito-based DENV detection as a proactive surveillance method, particularly in areas with low transmission or at risk of outbreak due to travel-associated cases. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using several academic and public health databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ProQuest. Seventeen studies showed presence of DENV in\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitoes in the absence of reported human cases. In the United States, four studies reported DENV positive\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    in places where there were no reported human cases. Among various mosquito surveillance tools, BG-Sentinel traps have been indicated to be effective in capturing host-seeking invasive\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitoes. Increasing evidence indicates that detecting DENV in field-caught mosquitoes can serve as an early warning signal\u2014preceding reported human dengue cases by several weeks. This entomological approach provides direct insights into the virus\u2019s presence in mosquito populations before human infections are formally diagnosed. The review recommends integrating mosquito-based DENV detection into local, state and national arbovirus surveillance systems, especially in non-endemic regions vulnerable to autochthonous transmission. This approach can enhance the timeliness and precision of outbreak responses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2987\/25-7258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:51:39Z","timestamp":1770771099000},"page":"230-241","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["THE IMPERATIVE OF AEDES MOSQUITO TESTING FOR ENHANCED DENGUE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED STATES"],"prefix":"10.2987","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Solomon K.","family":"Birhanie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"West Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, 1295 East Locust Street, Ontario, CA 91761"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle Q.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, 1295 East Locust Street, Ontario, CA 91761"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1569","reference":[{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref01","series-title":"Front Public Health","first-page":"85","article-title":"Detection of dengue virus from Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) in field-caught samples from Makkah Al-Mokarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, using RT-PCR","volume":"10","author":"Ali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ali EO,\nBabalghith AO,\nBahathig AO,\nDafalla OM,\nAl-Maghamsi IW,\nMustafa NE,\nAl-Zahrani AA,\nAl-Mahmoudi SM,\nAbdel-Latif ME. 2022. 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Parasit Vectors 9:446."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref52","series-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz","first-page":"199","article-title":"Frequency and spatial distribution of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"109","author":"Lima-Camara","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lima-Camara TN,\nHon\u00f3rio NA,\nLouren\u00e7o-de-Oliveira R. 2014. Frequency and spatial distribution of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 109:199\u2013203."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref53","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"725","article-title":"Common occurrence of concurrent infections by multiple dengue virus serotypes","volume":"61","author":"Loro\u00f1o-Pino","year":"1999","unstructured":"Loro\u00f1o-Pino MA,\nCropp CB,\nFarf\u00e1n JA,\nVorndam AV,\nRodr\u00edguez-Angulo EM,\nRosado-Paredes EP,\nFlores-Flores LF,\nBeaty BJ,\nGubler DJ. 1999. Common occurrence of concurrent infections by multiple dengue virus serotypes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61:725\u2013730."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref54","series-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo","first-page":"e16","article-title":"Dengue virus detection in Aedes aegypti females from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"60","author":"Louren\u00e7o-de-Oliveira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Louren\u00e7o-de-Oliveira R,\nMarques JT,\nSucupira MVF,\nMotta MA,\nHon\u00f3rio NA. 2018. Dengue virus detection in Aedes aegypti females from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 60:e16."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref55","series-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz","first-page":"321","article-title":"Field evaluation of the BG-Sentinel, a new trap for capturing adult Aedes aegypti","volume":"101","author":"Maciel-de-Freitas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maciel-de-Freitas R,\nEiras \u00c1E,\nLouren\u00e7o-de-Oliveira R. 2006. Field evaluation of the BG-Sentinel, a new trap for capturing adult Aedes aegypti. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 101:321\u2013325."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref56","series-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz","first-page":"940","article-title":"Variation in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) container productivity in a slum and a suburban district of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"109","author":"Maciel-de-Freitas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maciel-de-Freitas R,\nMarques WA,\nPeres RC,\nCunha SP,\nde Oliveira RL. 2014. Variation in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) container productivity in a slum and a suburban district of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 109:940\u2013947."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref58","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"143","article-title":"Natural vertical transmission of dengue-1 virus in Aedes aegypti populations in Acapulco, Mexico","volume":"30","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez NE,\nDzul-Manzanilla F,\nGuti\u00e9rrez-Castro C,\nIbarra-L\u00f3pez J,\nBibiano-Mar\u00edn W,\nL\u00f3pez-Dami\u00e1n L,\nMartini-Jaimes A,\nHuerta H,\nChe-Mendoza A,\nAyora-Talavera G,\nManrique-Saide P. 2014. Natural vertical transmission of dengue-1 virus in Aedes aegypti populations in Acapulco, Mexico. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 30:143\u2013146."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref60","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"10","article-title":"A review of the control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in the continental United States","volume":"58","author":"McGregor","year":"2021","unstructured":"McGregor BL,\nConnelly CR. 2021. 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Nat Microbiol  4:1508\u20131515."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref104","series-title":"Mol Biol Res Commun","first-page":"77","article-title":"Characterization of dengue virus in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus spp. of mosquitoes: A study in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","volume":"7","author":"Mubbashir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mubbashir H,\nMunir S,\nKashif R,\nNawaz HB,\nAbdul B,\nBaharullah K. 2018. Characterization of dengue virus in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus spp. of mosquitoes: A study in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Mol Biol Res Commun 7:77\u201382."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref62","series-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap","first-page":"539","article-title":"Challenges in dengue surveillance and control in Singapore","volume":"40","author":"Ng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ng LC. 2011. Challenges in dengue surveillance and control in Singapore. 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J Medical Entomol 49:942\u2013946."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref72","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e68137","article-title":"An explosive epidemic of DENV-3 in Cairns, Australia: entomological evidence for spread and role of BG-Sentinel traps","volume":"8","author":"Ritchie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ritchie SA,\nPyke AT,\nHall-Mendelin S,\nDay A,\nMores CN,\nChristofferson RC,\nGubler DJ,\nBennett SN,\nvan den Hurk AF. 2013. An explosive epidemic of DENV-3 in Cairns, Australia: entomological evidence for spread and role of BG-Sentinel traps. PLoS One 8:e68137."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref74","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0007260","article-title":"The hidden burden of dengue and chikungunya in Chennai, India","volume":"13","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Barraquer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Barraquer I,\nSolomon SS,\nKuganantham P, et al. 2019. The hidden burden of dengue and chikungunya in Chennai, India. 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Environmental correlates of Aedes aegypti abundance in the West Valley region of San Bernardino County, California, USA, from 2017 to 2023: an ecological modeling study. Parasit Vectors 18:349."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref78","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1423","article-title":"Dengue","volume":"366","author":"Simmons","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simmons CP,\nFarrar JJ,\nvV Nguyen,\nWills B. 2012. Dengue. N Engl J Med 366:1423\u20131432."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref79","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2294","article-title":"Evidence of vertical transmission of dengue virus in Florida mosquitoes","volume":"7","author":"Smartt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smartt CT,\nStenn T,\nChen TY,\nTeal A,\nAlbano R,\nShin D,\nWatts DM,\nBlair CD. 2013. Evidence of vertical transmission of dengue virus in Florida mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2294."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref80","series-title":"Infect Genet Evol","first-page":"191","article-title":"Aedes aegypti vector competence studies: A review","volume":"67","author":"Souza-Neto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Souza-Neto JA,\nPowell JR,\nBonizzoni M. 2019. Aedes aegypti vector competence studies: A review. Infect Genet Evol 67:191\u2013209."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref81","series-title":"MSphere","first-page":"10","article-title":"Transmission potential of Floridian Aedes aegypti mosquitoes for dengue virus serotype 4: Implications for estimating local dengue risk","volume":"6","author":"Stephenson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stephenson CJ,\nCoatsworth H,\nKang S,\nLednicky JA,\nDinglasan RR. 2021. Transmission potential of Floridian Aedes aegypti mosquitoes for dengue virus serotype 4: Implications for estimating local dengue risk. MSphere 6:10\u2013128."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref82","series-title":"PLoS Pathog","first-page":"e1006965","article-title":"Contributions from the silent majority dominate dengue virus transmission","volume":"14","author":"Ten-Bosch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ten-Bosch QA,\nClapham HE,\nLambrechts L,\nDuong V,\nBuchy P,\nAlthouse BM,\nLloyd AL,\nWaller LA,\nMorrison AC,\nKitron U,\nVazquez_Prokopec GM,\nScott TW,\nPerkins TA. 2018. Contributions from the silent majority dominate dengue virus transmission. PLoS Pathog 14:e1006965."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref84","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0010168","article-title":"Targeting high-risk neighborhoods for dengue vector control using entomological and human mobility data","volume":"16","author":"Vazquez-Prokopec","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vazquez-Prokopec GM,\nBisanzio D,\nStoddard ST,\nPaz-Soldan V,\nMorrison AC,\nElder JP,\nKitron U,\nScott TW,\nReiner RC. 2022. Targeting high-risk neighborhoods for dengue vector control using entomological and human mobility data. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16:e0010168."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref85","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"1256","article-title":"A new, cost-effective, battery-powered aspirator for adult mosquito collections","volume":"46","author":"Vazquez-Prokopec","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vazquez-Prokopec GM,\nGalvin WA,\nKelly R,\nKitron U. 2009. A new, cost-effective, battery-powered aspirator for adult mosquito collections. J Med Entomol 46:1256\u20131259."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref87","series-title":"BMC Public Health","first-page":"155","article-title":". Under-recognized dengue virus infections in rural Cambodia, 2006\u20132008","volume":"10","author":"Vong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vong S,\nGoyet S,\nLy S,\nNgan C,\nHuy R,\nDuong V,\nLim P,\nBuchy P,\nDeubel V. 2010. Under-recognized dengue virus infections in rural Cambodia, 2006\u20132008. BMC Public Health 10:155."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref88","article-title":"Dengue and severe dengue: fact sheet","author":"WHO [World Heath Organization]","year":"2023","unstructured":"WHO [World Heath Organization] 2023. Dengue and severe dengue: fact sheet. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/dengue-and-severe-dengue. [Accessed 6 August 2025]."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref89","article-title":"Dengue global situation update","author":"WHO [World Health Organization]","year":"2024","unstructured":"WHO [World Health Organization] 2024. Dengue global situation update. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2024-DON518. [Accessed 11 July 2025]."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref94","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"296","article-title":"Field efficacy of the BG-Sentinel compared with CDC Backpack Aspirators and CO2-baited EVS traps for collection of adult Aedes aegypti in Cairns, Queensland, Australia","volume":"22","author":"Williams","year":"2006","unstructured":"Williams CR,\nLong SA,\nRussell RC,\nRitchie SA. 2006. Field efficacy of the BG-Sentinel compared with CDC Backpack Aspirators and CO2-baited EVS traps for collection of adult Aedes aegypti in Cairns, Queensland, Australia. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 22:296\u2013300."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref95","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0011502","article-title":"Global prevalence of asymptomatic dengue infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang H,\nCao H,\nZhao Y,\nZhang Y,\nLi X,\nWang L,\nChen J,\nHuang Y,\nLi F,\nLiu Q,\nSun B,\nWu J. 2023. Global prevalence of asymptomatic dengue infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 17:e0011502."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref01","series-title":"Front Public Health","first-page":"85","article-title":"Detection of dengue virus from Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) in field-caught samples from Makkah Al-Mokarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, using RT-PCR","volume":"10","author":"Ali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ali EO,\nBabalghith AO,\nBahathig AO,\nDafalla OM,\nAl-Maghamsi IW,\nMustafa NE,\nAl-Zahrani AA,\nAl-Mahmoudi SM,\nAbdel-Latif ME. 2022. Detection of dengue virus from Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) in field-caught samples from Makkah Al-Mokarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, using RT-PCR. Front Public Health 10:85\u2013851."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref03","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"1539","article-title":"Attraction versus capture II: efficiency of the BG-Sentinel trap","volume":"57","author":"Amos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amos BA,\nGeier M,\nCard\u00e9 RT. 2020.Attraction versus capture II: efficiency of the BG-Sentinel trap. J Med Entomol 57:1539\u201355."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref04","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"292","article-title":"Global prevalence of asymptomatic dengue infections - a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"134","author":"Asish","year":"2023","unstructured":"Asish PR,\nDasgupta S,\nRachel G,\nBagepally BS,\nGirish Kumar CP. 2023. Global prevalence of asymptomatic dengue infections - a systematic review and meta-analysis. 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Am J Trop Med Hyg 47:719\u2013728."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref10","series-title":"J Vector Ecol","first-page":"60","article-title":"Natural vertical transmission of dengue-2 virus in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Florida, USA","volume":"45","author":"Boyles","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boyles SM,\nRios M,\nFlores HA,\nChaves LF,\nKitron U. 2020. Natural vertical transmission of dengue-2 virus in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Florida, USA. J Vector Ecol 45:60\u201366."},{"key":"i1943-6270-41-4-230-ref11","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"1291","article-title":"Vertical transmission of dengue virus in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Florida","volume":"50","author":"Buckner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buckner EA,\nAlto BW,\nLounibos LP. 2013. Vertical transmission of dengue virus in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Florida. 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