{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:53:19Z","timestamp":1775177599752,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"American Mosquito Control Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    West Nile virus (WNV) transmission risk is typically estimated from pooled whole-mosquito infection data, which may overestimate the proportion of mosquitoes capable of transmission. To assess natural viral dissemination in field-collected\n                    <jats:italic>Culex tarsalis,<\/jats:italic>\n                    we tested infection rates in tissues of 1,793 individual mosquitoes collected from northern Colorado in August 2023. Abdomens were screened for WNV ribonucleic acid (RNA), and corresponding thorax and head tissues from positive mosquitoes were tested. Fifteen mosquitoes had detectable abdominal infections, but WNV RNA was detected in only 53% (8 of 15) of both the thorax and head tissues, whereas another 27% (4 of 15) had WNV RNA detected in either the thorax or the head alone. Logistic regression suggests an inconsistent relationship between abdominal viral RNA load and virus dissemination, whereas receiver operating characteristic analysis identifies a threshold of \u223c59,000 RNA copies in the abdomen predictive of dissemination (area under the curve 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.55\u20131.00). These results suggest whole-body RNA detection may overestimate transmission potential from field-captured mosquitoes and that incorporating infection data could refine surveillance-based risk indices for WNV.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2987\/25-7271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T19:52:07Z","timestamp":1775073127000},"page":"22-32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["WEST NILE VIRUS DISSEMINATION AMONG INDIVIDUAL WILD MOSQUITO VECTORS IN NORTHERN COLORADO, 2023"],"prefix":"10.2987","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Jackson R.","family":"Decook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-Borne and Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1685 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1685"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Molly E.","family":"Ring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-Borne and Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1685 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1685"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-Borne and Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1685 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1685"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hana M.","family":"Pavelko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-Borne and Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1685 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1685"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy A.","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-Borne and Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1685 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1685"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Ebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-Borne and Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1685 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1685"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph R.","family":"Fauver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984395 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4395"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Foy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector-Borne and Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1685 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1685"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1569","reference":[{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-22-ref01","series-title":"bioRxiv","first-page":"07.02.662782","article-title":"Tracking West Nile virus dynamics using viral loads from trapped mosquitoes","volume":"2025","author":"Alahakoon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alahakoon P,\nMarchinton I,\nFauver JR,\nHay JA. 2025. 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West Nile virus dissemination and tissue tropisms in orally infected Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4:109\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/1530366041210729"},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-22-ref16","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"595","article-title":"Problems in estimating mosquito infection rates using minimum infection rate","volume":"40","author":"Gu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gu W,\nLampman R,\nNovak RJ. 2003. Problems in estimating mosquito infection rates using minimum infection rate. 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Anal Chim Acta 1199:339585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aca.2022.339585"},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-22-ref19","series-title":"Real-time RT-PCR assays to detect West Nile virus in mosquito pools","author":"Herman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Herman NM. 2015. Real-time RT-PCR assays to detect West Nile virus in mosquito pools [MPH thesis]. Yale University, New Haven, CT."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-22-ref20","series-title":"BMC Mol Biol","first-page":"31","article-title":"Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction: description of a RIN-based algorithm for accurate data normalization","volume":"10","author":"Ho-Pun-Cheung","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ho-Pun-Cheung A,\nBascoul-Mollevi C,\nAssenat E,\nBoissi\u00e9re-Michot F,\nBibeau F,\nCellier D,\nYchou M,\nLopez-Crapez E. 2009. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction: description of a RIN-based algorithm for accurate data normalization. BMC Mol Biol 10:31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2199-10-31"},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-22-ref21","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"829","article-title":"Predicting human West Nile virus infections with mosquito surveillance data","volume":"178","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kilpatrick AM,\nPape WJ. 2013. Predicting human West Nile virus infections with mosquito surveillance data. Am J Epidemiol 178:829\u2013835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwt046"},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-22-ref22","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"4066","article-title":"Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay","volume":"38","author":"Lanciotti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lanciotti RS,\nKerst AJ,\nNasci RS,\nGodsey MS,\nMitchell CJ,\nSavage MS,\nKomar N,\nPanella NS,\nAllen BC,\nVolpe KE,\nDavis BS,\nRoehrig JR. 2000. 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Tracking West Nile virus dynamics using viral loads from trapped mosquitoes. bioRxiv 2025:07.02.662782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.07.02.662782"},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-22-ref02","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"594","article-title":"Surveillance of dengue virus in individual Aedes aegypti mosquitoes collected concurrently with suspected human cases in Tarlac City, Philippines","volume":"13","author":"Balingit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Balingit JC,\nCarvajal TM,\nSaito-Obata M,\nGamboa M,\nNicolasora AD,\nSy AK,\nOshitani H,\nWatanabe K. 2020. Surveillance of dengue virus in individual Aedes aegypti mosquitoes collected concurrently with suspected human cases in Tarlac City, Philippines. 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