{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:53:18Z","timestamp":1775177598134,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Mosquito Control Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The Texas Panhandle (26 counties) and High Plains regions (41 counties) have one of the highest West Nile virus (WNV) and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) human neuro-incidence rates in the USA, yet surveillance for these pathogens is predominately performed through passive measures (e.g., detecting human cases at hospitals and other health clinics). There is an overall lack of active pathogen surveillance (e.g., mosquito surveillance) systems in these regions, leading to knowledge gaps in our understanding of arboviral dynamics in enzootic cycles. To address this limitation, we implemented 2 surveillance projects in 2024: localized surveillance of WNV and SLEV in the city of Lubbock, TX, and regional surveillance throughout the Panhandle and High Plains regions of the state. We used BG sentinel traps and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps baited with dry ice to collect\n                    <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitoes in a multitude of habitats for both projects. All mosquitoes were identified using a dichotomous key, and then female\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. tarsalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    were tested for WNV and SLEV as super-pools (e.g., samples containing supernatant from up to 7 individual pools that contained between 1 and 50 mosquitoes) using a combination of commercial RNA extraction kits and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In the Lubbock study, we collected 21,066\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. tarsalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 15,918\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. quinquefasciatu<\/jats:italic>\n                    s, which were tested as 308 and 238 super-pools, respectively. Sixty-three\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. tarsalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 36\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    super-pools tested positive for WNV, and 8\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. tarsalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 4\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    super-pools tested positive for SLEV. Sixteen Panhandle counties were sampled by DSHS, which collected 1,060\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. tarsalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 56\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. quinquefasciatu<\/jats:italic>\n                    s. A total of 23 super-pools of\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. tarsalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. quinquefasciatu<\/jats:italic>\n                    s were tested, of which only 3 (13%)\n                    <jats:italic>Cx. tarsalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    samples were found to be positive for WNV. Overall we found an abundant number of\n                    <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. mosquitoes that tested positive for both viruses, which supports the Texas Panhandle and High Plains regions as high-risk regions for WNV in the United States.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2987\/25-7275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:59:08Z","timestamp":1773449948000},"page":"33-40","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["DETECTION OF WEST NILE VIRUS AND ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS IN THE TEXAS PANHANDLE AND HIGH PLAINS REGION, USA, IN 2024"],"prefix":"10.2987","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Sierra N.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa M.","family":"Clawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hunter O.","family":"Covey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cherissa Abdul","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Department of State Health Services Region 1, Lubbock, TX 79424"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christi","family":"Olszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Department of State Health Services Region 1, Lubbock, TX 79424"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corey","family":"Brelsfoard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph R.","family":"Mcmillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1569","reference":[{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-33-ref01","series-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"360","article-title":"Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Connecticut: a five-year analysis of mosquito data 1999\u20132003","volume":"4","author":"Andreadis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Andreadis TG,\nAnderson JF,\nVossbrinck CR,\nMain AJ. 2004. 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Trop Med Infect Dis 5:128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed5030128"},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-33-ref17","series-title":"Insects","first-page":"183","article-title":"The eco-bio-social factors that modulate Aedes aegypti abundance in South Texas border communities","volume":"12","author":"Juarez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Juarez JG,\nGarcia-Luna SM,\nMedeiros MCI,\nDickinson KL,\nBorucki MK,\nFrank M,\nBadillo-Vargas I,\nChaves LF,\nHamer GL. 2021. The eco-bio-social factors that modulate Aedes aegypti abundance in South Texas border communities. 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West Nile virus infection among humans, Texas, USA, 2002\u20132011. Emerg Infect Dis 19:137\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1901.121135"},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-33-ref21","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"Predictive modeling for West Nile virus and mosquito surveillance in Lubbock, Texas","volume":"34","author":"Peper","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peper ST,\nDawson DE,\nDacko N,\nAthanasiou K,\nHunter J,\nLoko F,\nAlmas S,\nSorensen GE,\nUrban KN,\nWilson-Fallon AN,\nHaydett KM,\nGreenberg HS,\nGibson AG,\nPresley SM. 2018. Predictive modeling for West Nile virus and mosquito surveillance in Lubbock, Texas. 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R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/"},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-33-ref24","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"494","article-title":"Persistent West Nile virus transmission and the apparent displacement of St. Louis encephalitis virus in southeastern California, 2003\u20132006","volume":"45","author":"Reisen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reisen WK,\nLothrop HD,\nWheeler SS,\nKennsington M,\nGutierrez A,\nFang Y,\nGarcia S,\nLothrop B. 2008. Persistent West Nile virus transmission and the apparent displacement of St. Louis encephalitis virus in southeastern California, 2003\u20132006. 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Emerg Infect Dis 22:1002\u20131009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2206.152000"},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-33-ref34","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2028","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in a dairy farm worker","volume":"390","author":"Uyeki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Uyeki TM,\nMilton S,\nAbdul Hamid C,\nReinoso Webb C,\nPresley SM,\nShetty V,\nRollo SN,\nMartinez DL,\nRai S,\nGonzales ER,\nKniss KL,\nJang Y,\nFrederick JC,\nDe La Cruz JA,\nLiddell J,\nDi H,\nKirby MK,\nBarnes JR,\nDavis CT. 2024. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in a dairy farm worker. N Engl J Med 390:2028\u20132029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2405371"},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-33-ref35","series-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"624","article-title":"Comparison of characteristics of patients with West Nile virus or St. Louis encephalitis virus neuroinvasive disease during concurrent outbreaks, Maricopa County, Arizona, 2015","volume":"20","author":"Venkat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Venkat H,\nKrow-Lucal E,\nKretschmer M,\nSylvester T,\nLevy C,\nAdams L,\nFitzpatrick K,\nLaven J,\nKosoy O,\nSunenshine R,\nSmith K,\nTownsend J,\nChevinsky J,\nHennessey M,\nJones J,\nKomatsu K,\nFischer M,\nHills S. 2020. Comparison of characteristics of patients with West Nile virus or St. Louis encephalitis virus neuroinvasive disease during concurrent outbreaks, Maricopa County, Arizona, 2015. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 20:624\u2013629."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-33-ref01","series-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"360","article-title":"Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Connecticut: a five-year analysis of mosquito data 1999\u20132003","volume":"4","author":"Andreadis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Andreadis TG,\nAnderson JF,\nVossbrinck CR,\nMain AJ. 2004. Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Connecticut: a five-year analysis of mosquito data 1999\u20132003. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 4:360\u2013378."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-33-ref02","article-title":"PooledInfRate: estimation for pooled or group testing [Internet]","author":"Biggerstaff","year":"2025","unstructured":"Biggerstaff BJ. 2025. PooledInfRate: estimation for pooled or group testing [Internet]. Version 1.6. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [accessed January 26, 2025]. 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First detection of West Nile virus lineage 2 in mosquitoes in Switzerland, 2022. Pathogens 12:1424."},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-33-ref05","article-title":"West Nile virus surveillance and control guidelines [Internet]","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. West Nile virus surveillance and control guidelines [Internet]. July 18. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [accessed January 26, 2025]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mosquitoes\/media\/pdfs\/2024\/09\/WestNileVirus-SurveillanceControlGuidelines_508.pdf"},{"key":"i1943-6270-42-1-33-ref06","article-title":"Historic data (2003\u20132024) [Internet]","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","year":"2025a","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025a. Historic data (2003\u20132024) [Internet]. June 3. 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